Part 7, Advanced Civil Construction
台科大高等土木施工學教材(2023)
MT KAO (Blog:
http://mtkaoforum31.blogspot.tw/)
2) Machine:
(1) Prototype, bespoke; portable, fixed:
a. Machine,
prototype
People in construction industry need to
know machine, plant and equipment for their manipulation, size, cost,
productivity and required logistic.
The general contractors used to own
machines, in the days they're expensive related to human cost and company asset.
When a country starts to build
infrastructures, they need to move earth, lift heavy weight, paving concrete
and asphalt, and deal with confronting water or other inaccessible.
There're machines typical to do these jobs
and we call them the prototypes: bulldozers, cranes, graders, trucks, mixing
plants, paving machines, compactors, work boats, etc.
Training of operators and workers are
quicker and more economical these days as computerized simulation being introduced
for training and the machines become simple in their build-up, maintenance and
repair.
The repeating usages of machines is attainable
in fledging economies, also the capital to buy them is comparatively less than
before; thus the delivery of infrastructures will be more efficient.
b. Machine,
bespoke
As countries proceed to build
infrastructures projects of more sophisticated nature, the machines and the
method employed may need special design and fabrication, we called the order
and the makes bespoken. The usages are limited unless market is big and structures
of similar dimensions are designed and built successively.
The bespoken construction plants, either
will be maneuvered and launched by the people, such as advance shoring for
bridge superstructure; or will be forwarding automatically as boring machines
for the tunnel. It is something that a civil or mechanic engineer can conceptualize,
design and assemble.
It must be noted that when the bespoken
construction plant finishes its job, normally it has to be scrapped because
difficult in storage, maintain finding similar project for reuse.
c. Machine,
portable and fixed type, mobilization and assembling cost
Most of machines can be transported to construction
sites, either by self-driving or mounting on trailer for distance, we call them
portable, such as dump trucks, excavators, dozers, loaders, etc. For mixing
plants, TBM, tower crane, or machines too big for transportation, they're
divided in parts or compartments, and then hauled to the site for erection; we
call them fixed type of machine.
Engineers must take into consideration the
cost and time required to mobilize, install and demobilize construction
machine. Sometimes in the remote or hazardous places disembarkation and the
installation of plants and equipment can be difficult, slow and costly that the
engineers have to work out the solution.
There is also possibility that the damages will
incur to the parts or entire plants during transportation and assembly. Effective
protection will take time and cost; commercially insurance policy shall be
bought accordingly.
Also, people need to know the value of
certain fixed plants decimated very much in single usage, and the remaining
value after one project could be only the material cost after dissection.
Even the plant is designed and made strong
for reuse, the bulk volume to store and its maintenance requirement during long
wait will force the owner to scrape it.
施工機具或設備主要有定型與訂製兩種，前者如挖土機、吊車或打樁機等，各有性能適應範圍，買者可依需求購置；後者如隧道鑽掘機，橋梁架設設備等，需依預定完成構造物尺寸、性質、周邊情況與操作安全性等，特別設計製造，非現貨供應。施工機具有運到工地馬上可以使用，或需在現地安裝、試車，移動與拆遷，等兩大類。工程師擬訂計畫或投標時，需考慮動、復員時間與成本；因機具租賃或外包普遍，故此部分被認為含於租金或外包單價，常被忽略。
(2) Operation,
maintenance and repair.
a. Owning Cost: Depreciation, Interest,
Productivity
In
the days when the value of machine and spare parts far exceeded cost of people
serving them: operators and crew for maintenance and repair. Only big companies
would buy machines as main asset and source of revenue.
For two reasons the machine ownership had
to be overtaken by specialty companies:
i). Facing human cost rising, and labor and
safety laws fastidious and draconian, only companies able to concentrate effort
to manage problems related to operation, maintenance and repair are in a
position to handle the machines.
ii). Companies owning big fleet of machine
wouldn’t have chances to share costs with other companies as each general
contractor compete to get the business.
The machine owning cost, in general, shall
be calculated as buying price plus interest payment over the machine's service
life and thus obtain the so called flat depreciation cost.
The other is weighted depreciation method,
perceiving that the first 2 or 3 years the machine will have high productivity
and put the depreciation cost higher in such period.
However, the taxation offices have power to
decide the amount permitted for depreciation for each year for different
equipment. It affects how the owners should have decided, to charge their
equipment.
Interest payment can be considered for each
company in total, and outside machine cost calculation.
持有機具所需購置費用，其將產生利息等費用。不論機具是否使用，其即有折舊成本，依機具性質或政策考量，其可採平均與加速方式，計算折舊成本。政府稅務單位亦有其折舊年限規定。
b. Maintenance
and Repair Cost
Machines need operators to move them, the
owners must pay the operators hourly wage and overtime. In addition, machines
also need daily, or periodical maintenance; the related cost are the wages of
the workers responsible for maintenance and amounts covering for consumable,
lubricant and tool.
Repair cost in general is low when machine
is new, but it will be accelerated when machine's condition become less fair in
the later part of work life. The elements of repair cost consist of two parts:
labor, and the other as spare parts.
In developed economy, the repair cost shall
be between 100% and 200% of the initial cost according to statistic, depending
on different equipment. In order to save labor cost, they’d identify the failed
compartment and change accordingly; and in developing countries, the repair
workers have to examine the parts more thoroughly and only change the damaged
parts as few as possible.
Also, in places
where machine price is high compared to human cost, the wage of operator can be
4-5 times of that of manual labor and output of machines will be higher than
what can be achieved in advanced economy. Because when machines are relatively
expensive, the owners won’t care to pay high wage to the operator as it’s now a
small fraction of the revenues from higher productivity.
Right or wrong, the repair workers and
operators for construction machines in the developing economies may be more
dexterous than their counterparts in developed economies.
維修成本最重要為零件與人工。工資較貴經濟體，詳細檢查耗時耗費，零件採用整組換掉方式。開發中國家工資相對機具成本低，給工人薪資可以較高，以要求機具產出效率。
(3) Rental and owning.
Started from 70's last century, general
contractors ceased to own construction machine and the reasons are: i) investment
was big to buy equipment; ii) business opportunity was uncertain over long
period; iii) difficulties to handle labor relationship with operators,
maintenance and repair workers under the labor law; iv) judgement over
replacement or repair of major parts requires specialty knowledge.
It is proven that the general contractors
have no way to replace the small entrepreneur for construction machine owning as
operation/ maintenance/repair is concerned.
Nowadays in Taiwan where the sense of
entrepreneur is high, the equipment rental rates can be as high as buying price
of a plant returned in 2 years.
分工專業化結果，大公司不再持有機具，甚至大型設備。向租賃公司租用或工作外包，成為解決之道。
(4) Construction method and machine
selected.
a. Selection
of Work Method and Construction Machines.
Designing an efficient construction method
is key to successful deliver of infrastructure works: right construction
sequence, get through most critical part of work, minimize undue outside
interference, and avoid hazardous incident from happening shall be considered
when the plan is drawn.
Engineers may have wide range to select
machines for the construction projects; however, it will be influenced by the
market availability for machine itself and operators. For example, in Taiwan,
excavators are everywhere but dozers and loaders not frequently to see as in
the cases of North America.
The reasons could be incidental because the
people first introduce them to Taiwan just did it inadvertently and others just
follow suit. This plus the fact that the local operators can be dexterous to
maneuver the machines over the narrow and congested sites explaining fully that
the back-hoes are popular in Taiwan.
Number of machine available for rental would
draw down the cost thus affecting the user’s choices. Tower crane rental is an
example. Because the buildings are now taller and mobile crane as substitute is
restrained for occupying too much of the side walk, so the use of tower crane
is required. A virtuous cycle is induced proving that the constructor’s
practice can be changed for economic reasons.
In Taiwan, when the officials establish
budget and draft contract for projects, they need to specify the types and the
modes of machine to justify rates and sums. It’s a rationalized process but
sometimes inflexible bureaucrat and supervisors will call for the usage of the
same equipment appeared in the price breakdown; consequently, causing troubles.
Traditional “build according to the
drawing” contracting could be excessive if everything shall be interpreted with
“according”. The system has to be liberalized so as not to choke the
constructor for their flexibility to select right and inexpensive machines. It
also a proof that that the introduction of DB or EPC is necessary.
施工方法與設備選擇關係工程成敗，工地與工作特性應考量，市場情形與業主認知亦是關鍵。
b. Machine
and Manual Labor
In countries like India, machines face
strong competition from man and vice versa. For example, bulldozers and earth
moving machine has to be levied with high tariff and surcharges, so that men
and their assistant working with spades and dustpan will have chances to
outperform mechanized construction.
When we say the civil engineering, and
construction is local, choice between man and machine is apparent, because machine
absolutely is foreign. When the economy is still under development like India,
augment of local employment shall be considered first.
Back to the India construction market, the
wages paid to the machine operators won’t be significant compare to the revenue
generated by extra output brought by the operator’s better performance. Thus,
the wages of operators can be 5 times of the common labors in developing
economies.
經濟型態不一樣，人與機具亦有競爭；機具作業手、保養工相對於非技術工在較後進經濟中給付會較高，但對機械之生產力要求亦會較高。
c. Cost
factors in Prototype and Bespoken Machines
There is situation that prototype machines
will not meet construction requirement, the bespoken one will be the solution. For
example, when spatial dimensions are particular, physical obstruction needs to
be overcome, , or automation required to speed up construction.
But engineers need to know: i). Lead time
to design and build the plant is long; they’re not available at once like
ordinary plants on the market. Ii). When one part goes down, entire system will
idle or fail unless there is spare. iii). Though people will try to re-use it
for next project but the chance is slim. iv). The whole value of the bespoken
plant can be high and when it scraps after one project, the depreciation
allowed can hardly be claimed. V). Turnkey contracts become popular these days;
the contractors will have chances to design structures d fit into owned
bespoken plant.
設計與建造非制式施工設備時間長，工程師應估算。施工機具系統中一部分或某單獨設備故障，整體完全無產出，故需考慮備用。變數太多，非制式施工設備於次一工程在使用機會不大。也因此非制式施工設備之殘值，承商不能考慮太多。但統包式契約投標時，承包商即可考慮將所有非制式施工設備用於工程施工。
3)
Material
(1) Local and Conventional Material shall
be chosen for Construction.
a. Transportation
Cost and Locally Available Material
Material for construction is bulky and
transportation cost is high, so they have to be obtained from local for maximum
extent as quality and property meet the project requirement and not differ much
from the outside world.
In fact, the overwhelmed material
requirement of a gigantic project may sometimes tilt the supply/demand balance
drastically in an isolated area. Investment in term of time and money shall be
considered before projects start to assure quality and punctual completion.
Still, material prices can be fluctuated
from time to time either in the case of limited supply, such as aggregate and
sand, or as a result of global boom like steel and rebar.
It can be a disaster to a contractor who
doesn’t know how much risk he’s taking in obtaining the construction material
for the project he’s bidding. Normally, the contractor staying long in the
market will understand that the probability and magnitude of price fluctuation
are high; and only the so-called escalation clauses in the contract can offer
minimum protection. Or the tenderers must mark up their bid price.
Traditional construction method and
material can be available and inexpensive for bulk construction, evidenced by
several hundred years of using history. Also as described above, the projects
are there for economic development so that the employment of local artisans and
labors shall be considered since the design stage.
營建廠商需儘量考慮使用本土常使用材料，設計者自開立規範開始，建造商於購買使用即應注意及此。習慣、文化、可得，以及龐大運輸成本都是使用本土材料之有利因素。
b. Continuous
Evolution for Material used in Construction
In old days, human's weight lifting
capacity was limited, long distance hauling capability also prohibitively
expensive and could only go through waterway. People had to use small and light
material from local, like timer, brick and mortars for buildings and structures
in most of the cases.
Granite and basalt were used in part of
Europe especially for churches, castles or monumental structures. Wooden
structure was erected in Asia for aristocrats and land lord, but the timber
size reduced as a result of deforestation.
In general, the masses had to live in hut
and dens for which they built with any material they could pick up from nearby
area.
Discovery and use of steel in civil
engineering works change the world. They replace traditional construction
material resulting in great saving of cost and time. Steel in the form of
rebar, sections and strains give buildings and structure new dimensions and
spatial aesthetics.
People still think of innovation for
construction material better than steel, such as fiber glass or high strength
concrete, commercially one day it would be popular as steel used today.
文明進步讓建材來源更加廣泛，不惟建材本身強度、品質提高，其製造及用於施工之方法與設備，乃至構造物需求標準之提高，都讓人類更有選擇。
c. Green
Construction
Nowadays, carbon reduction is an issue, the
material used in the projects shall be considered climate friendly, and
engineers need green knowledge to incorporate construction material made from
renewable, waste, or need less processing.
Commercial scheming would be different when
the work requirement changes and regulations are revised or the new laws introduced.
減碳及綠色施工要求，亦將造成營建產業之變革。
(2). Material
and Equipment incorporated into Permanent Project
a. Project
More Sophisticated
As economy advances in a country, the
construction work won't be simple structural work again; many systems and
equipment will be installed in addition to steel and concrete. So, procurement
will be more complicated than simply clearing the composition, dimension and
strength of construction material.
When proper delivery of system and
equipment, and their installation, operation and maintenance, is desired; prior
check and mutual commitment shall be made with reliable makers or specialty
contractors even before the contract is awarded.
An experienced general
contractor knowing the risk implied in the contract signed with ever
demanding client will seek teammates working in different field to discharge the
huge responsibility for successful delivery.
Type of cooperation may include consortium,
main and sub-tier contractual relationship, or various form of partnership
suitable in each case since before the tender.
Between general contractor and system
specialty contractor has to be in line with market practice for cooperation; and
their undertakings must be complementary at least technically.
b. Nominated
Subcontractor
In practice the owner may actually
designate the maker of the system and equipment based on confidence and trust
the brand bearers have exhibited. After award, the winning main contractor has
to sign the sub or supply contract with the specified makers to overtake the deliver
responsibility for their part.
Scope of the subcontract works undertaken
by those nominated shall cover the risks begin with engineering, making,
shipment, installation, commissioning, test run and operation with main
contractor responsible for the interface coordination, progress control, and
quality supervision.
Normally, in addition to contingency
provision the cost shall include persons assigned for coordination and
communication; plus fixed percentage on top of nominated subcontract price for bank
guarantees, insurance premium, financial and legal expense.
In other words, the contractor imposed with
nominated subcontract work has to share whatever
may have gone wrong for the nominated subcontractor under him unless it can
prove that the fault is on the Owner’s side since selection of nominated
subcontractor.
4) Money
At times of high inflation, market instability or when owners believe by directly go into supply contracts with the manufacturers or vendors for certain material like aggregate, steel or tiles, they’re in better position to implement the projects. Under the arrangement the contractors will accept money as the handling charge not as much compared to the percent of overhead in the case that they are requested to administer the nominated sub-contract.
In the case of Owner Furnished Material the handing charge is paid supposed to cover the cost that the contractor receiving, storing and keeping properly the material furnished by the owner; and not to cover the overhead and provision needed to complete the contractor’s responsibility according to the contractual conditions as explained above.
But there will be bureaucrats, design consultant, and financing people during budget establishment, reject the idea that the contractors need overhead to handle the nominated subcontract or the handling charge for Owner Furnished Material.
They consider the frontage contractor won't add substantially anything and following up the delivery making everything good and in order is their obligation.
The denying of invisible cost stemmed from the days the economic output mainly counted on agriculture and manufacturing (Physiocracy). The ignorance causes big problem in pushing the works forward; and a further proof that the construction works sometimes need cultural and conceptual fix.
因工程大型化，複雜化，尤其運轉、維修之數位化、自動化使永久性設備及材料不再限於傳統營建商面對之鋼筋、水泥，業主與設計者常需於施工標開始之前即要決定供應重要建材或各種子系統之廠商，與他們談好價錢與重要契約條件，於承商得標後轉到主契約下，要求主包商負管理、協調責任。
(1)
Payment: cash, in kinds or
goods (barter), deferred (BT), franchise revenue (BOT, PFI).
Because the construction contracts are with
big money; public or private owners will choose forms of payment according to
their financial conditions.
The ways of payment include cash, kinds or
goods (barter), deferred payment after completion and transfer to the owner
(BT), or through franchise revenue (BOT, PFI).
The contractor must evaluate its own
ability to accept the form of payment, for example, when he would have accepted
the payment in crude oil over long period, he has to consider oil price
fluctuation for long term or bear the cost and the remaining risk to buy the
futures.
The reliability of the owners, government
or private companies must be taken into account.
契約付款最為重要，除傳統付款方式，有以物易物、遲延付款、特許權等方式。承商需注意自己能力，並了解業主信用。
(2) Standard international contracts to
regulate: FIDIC, NEC3 (New Engineering Contract3),
AIA(American Institute of Architects), JCT forms of Contract(Joint Contract
Tribunal)...etc.
It's not enough that the contractor will
get the owner's pledge to pay him. It depends on the contract conditions through
which the contractors get paid.
Normally we'd have type of contracts such
as: FIDIC, NEC3(New Engineering Contract3, used for civil works in UK.,
Australia, New Zealand and Hong Kong, the language of it is simpler and the
signing parties are said to be more equal), AIA(American Institute of
Architects, form of contract popular in USA.), JCT
forms of Contract(Joint Contract Tribunal, for architectural works in
UK.)...etc.
As projects are different for each other,
the contracts need to be modified to fit the situation; they will be reflected
in so called Special Application (or Conditions) and leave the General
Application (or Conditions) unscratched.
Whatever slight difference in Special
Application will result in big departure in reality so that the contractor
needs to read carefully even the author of standard contract or the Owner would
have claimed they're the friendliest contract terms.
According to the payment conditions, the
contract can be divided in forms like the conventional Rates and Quantity, Lump
Sum, Guaranteed Maximum Price, Alliance, Cost and Cost Based, etc.
契約形式甚多，在台灣有政府範本；國際人士許多引用FIDIC,，英國協土木工程多採用NEC3，建築則有JCT範本，美國人則用建築學會之AIA。另依付款形式則有Rates and Quantity, Lump Sum, Guaranteed Maximum Price, Alliance,
Cost and Cost Based等。
(3) Non-technical People to Control Money.
Compared to the old days now that big
component of contractual money pays for intangible part of the project in the
name to protect every party involved. The added value including the cost to
acquire money, assure the delivery of the works, O&M of the project and
even to the extent to guarantee the products or the purposed functioning of the
project will be welcome by the customers. Thus, the added values are created.
But it is true that engineers are not
playing the dominating roles in construction business because the invention as
said is from improvement of technology, business skill, capital fluidity, that
financial, legal and management people intrude and colonize uncompromisingly.
Though money is everywhere (QE?), but they’re
dear. It takes so-called experts to invent ideas to attract the capital, they
provide guarantees, mitigations and assurance to fascinate investors.
It is the trend, lots of the construction
projects are controlled by hordes of non-technical people who can tease the
investors.
For example, the government has plain
financial resource for construction project and spent almost exclusively for
construction related items last century. But now, big chunk of money will be
paid as financial cost for BOT and/or PMI as people argue private fund is
useful to create more public works for the benefit of the people.
A decent part of money will go to the so
called independent third parties for their certificates, report and affidavits
at non bargain-able cost (handled by the non-technical people) to ratify the
security of capital while the construction hands need to compete each other.
Engineers must realize, somehow, they’re
now playing secondary role in the construction project; but because of it they
could concentrate in technical matters and become a better manager than people
of other disciplines invading the profession.
面對變化層出不窮的契約形式，工程師必須承認非工程專業人員在契約與務款方面已多少取得主導權，以往只花在工程的款項必須支付財務、法律與商業人士，以保護業主為名所花的種種費用。他們必須有信心，且自覺工程成本也只有工程專業人士才能做好，才能重拾主導地位。
5) Market
(1). Contractors
of Lemming Mentality
As it's said above, there're 2,800 strong
Class "A" contractors in Taiwan to apportion a small market; the
threshold to go into the construction market isn't high as capital (relatively
low to the contract amount) is concerned. When they get contracts, the
contractors will find many sub-tier contractors more than eager to share risks.
The running cost for a Class "A"
contractor is low in Taiwan, the expense will be fee paid to the registered PE,
a tiny office, plus a clerk to answer the bell. When the bosses cannot get
business, pay such the low cost for "hibernation", will allow them hanging
on for long.
The sleeping contractors will wake up when
they get contracts and then to recruit managers and engineers to activate the
company. Taiwanese people aren’t against shoot and off employment as most of
them like to stay in the area like big city or home town.
So, the majority of the contractors are
"entrepreneur" type. They're competitive and spiral down ward the
awarding price. The practice is not possible to nurture big contractors with
know-hows and experience in the market.
But once it is provoked by market turmoil destined
to happen every few years, such as sudden sabotage of dump trucks of 1990
(resulted in soil haulage hike and aggregate short supply), or sharp escalation
of steel price in 2006, the contractors wouldn’t have sufficient contingency provision
will go for broke. The number culled will be significant but it will rise again
if there is market re-juvenescence.
The process repeats again and again; the
contractors go up and down riding on the changing tides. The ones with bad luck
will capsize, but too many of them survive. One moment, the contractors' number
will be swelling like lemmings grow to incredible amount in short spring time;
the other moment the nature will drive some of them jumping the cliff and the
rest follow subconsciously.
The market is still there for another
cycle; but the professionals wouldn't have chance to lead the trend while
public has to bear most of the cost that speculators should have to pay.
台灣營建業者，數目太多，都以中小企業心態經營，無風險概念，進出市場容易。非專業但樂意投機者能夠生存對注重品質，科班出身之工程師與工程品質是威脅。
(2) Type of Bid Competition and Evaluation:
Lowest Bid, Evaluated Lowest Bid, Value for Money.
The problem of construction industry in
Taiwan is over competition. Lowest bid is blamed because under the bureaucratic
system the budgets were considered to be right and served
as bench mark for the contractors. The winning price was considered as true
market cost or the officials follow them shall be
subject to official chastisement.
Automatically, people, the budget builders
or the tenderers will consider it as a bench mark for similar tenders. Vicious
cycle begins and the awarded prices have to wait for another episode close to
force majeure for correction; of course, it's always late.
Evaluated lowest bid is taken with the hope
that the best contractor and their offer can be selected as the champion to win
the tender; however, the selected may not be the most outstanding one, and the
judges' supposed imparity is often challenged.
Authorities had sometimes to amend the
criteria with the aim that it must be more fitful for particular tender but
more susceptible to criticism. So, the evaluated lowest bid system stopped at
2007 in Taiwan, and BOT and PMI also suspended. The lowest bid tendering system
prevailed for the next decade.
It is true that in recent years the
contractors don't make money. They kept tendering and performed the contracts
only to sustain the company. They couldn’t afford to pay senior engineers
because of the poor overhead earned; the result is the loss of expertise.
There will be limit to which the
contractors take the construction contracts because they can’t make profit
after all. The result is tenders "aborted" or the execution in chaos.
So, the evaluated lowest bid is coming back. There’s possibility and also a
reasonable hope that the authority may get lessons from flaws happened in the
past.
The criteria to select the best tenderer
for the tender shall be rationalized, especially that the persons to be
assigned as "judges“, shall be men of integrity.
Current tendering rules propping the idea
for EPC will nurture bigger and more public construction companies instead of
the small entrepreneurs who always cut corners of the fair competition is said
to be the solution to correct the market for persistent fragmentation.
It could be a well wish and hind sight, but
seeing the implementation of FCPA (of the US) and similar laws of various
states, the big and public companies can be supervised more thoroughly in the
entire process.
The final goal for government spending
shall be "Value for Money", in which, the project completed will
worth money spent. It’s idealistic but we suppose the introduction of more
liberal ideas, moderate as it may be, will bring in the progress.
競標評審，由最低標轉為最有利標，最終目標應為「物超所值」，如此市場才能進步、正常。
(3) Elements of Competition.
A market considered normal will be the one
that the consumer is most important. For public works the government is single
biggest buyer, he can draw the lines to select the contractors based on their apparent
capability, past experience and planned execution plan for the tendered project.
It means the government can define a clear
and objective criterion for elements such as price, technical approaches, time
of completion, safety record, experience in similar works, existing work
loading, managerial and technical resource in hands, records of contract
disputes (with owners) …etc.
For international tenders, the owners
usually will analyze and evaluate the tenders according to the criteria
established objectively. The scores and the tabulation can then be submitted to
higher ranking people, maybe people with reputation for review.
The process will avoid complain that the
judgement in supporting contract award is made subjectively so as to prevent
the outside criticism and interference.
It's true that during the selection of the winning
contractor, the authority and invited judges have to "play god" to weed
up the weaker or the unfit, and the result maybe that the selected aren’t the
perfect ones because many factors are involved during tender and later execution.
And in Taiwan, public and the industry may not be patient and easily to find
someone as scapegoat.
However, the rules shall be respected and
endured for some time to see what if it will change the construction industry players
and whether or not that the professionals will be allowed to lead the ring.
承包商有不同能力、履歷、對招標工程更應有最佳執行計畫；故除價格外，招標者應確實審核承商投標文件中所提供之工法規畫、過去完工時程、安衛紀錄、經驗、在建工程、現有技術及管理人才等資料。一般國際標審核，機關或其委託工作團隊，必將就投標廠商提供文件所顯示，根據前面所訂標準評分，再送高階或禮聘有名望人士複核，與台灣目前逕請評審委員評審，主、客觀程度有差，是不同之所在。
(4) Defying the International Norms.
Until now, the developed countries
especially Europeans and Americans have big say on the codes, standards,
disputes solutions and financial arrangement of the international projects.
They are the establishment to enjoy privileges and power more than their
competency in the industry.
If the Asian contractors want to go
overseas or the western investor coming to their country to build something,
they may have the problems to follow specifications and conditions alien to
them.
And in recent decades, the foreign owners
already accept the idea that the projects need to be guaranteed for their
success will go for every detail to ensure nothing will go wrong and therefore
favorable the western establishment.
So, despite the new comers may have good
engineering knowledge, construction skill and the versatile capability completing
the works, they are handicapped in the international construction market, where
the established western companies set the rules of the game.
We believe it's not an intended design by any
known nations or covenants of them, but it’s difficult, to change the universal
conviction soon. Because it’s a capitalist practice that the distrust is used as
the excuses to safeguard the people’s interest that the parties involved in the
construction contract have to adapt and accept.
