tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-25762714598160842342024-03-28T08:51:10.598+08:00高銘堂(mtkao)forummtkaoforum3131.blogspot.tw/http://www.blogger.com/profile/01353164324501698355noreply@blogger.comBlogger88125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2576271459816084234.post-75019258062615077512024-01-05T09:40:00.003+08:002024-01-05T21:10:47.223+08:00<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 24px; font-weight: 700; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #38761d;">君士坦丁堡532年1月13日的藍綠對抗,暴動,大屠殺,與台灣選舉的異同</span></span></p><p><span face=""Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #4d4d4d; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.5px;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">高銘堂</span></span></p><p><b><span style="color: #990000;">本文亦登在1月5日的關鍵評論網:「</span></b><span style="color: #990000;"><b>拜占庭帝國也有「藍綠惡鬥」?回顧近1500年前的1月13日,君士坦丁堡那場暴動引發的屠殺」</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #990000;">https://www.thenewslens.com/article/196954</span></b></p><p><span face=""Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #4d4d4d; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.5px;"><br /></span></p><p><span face=""Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #2b00fe;"><b style="font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.5px;">1月13日是台灣總統選舉的日子,藍綠對抗、劍拔弩張,</b><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5px;"><b>選舉時候</b></span><b style="font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.5px;">狂熱分子表現出的激情、仇恨和不寬容,常常都好像是要把社會撕裂。</b></span></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0.825em 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">約1500年前的同一天,現今土耳其的拜占庭帝國,也因「藍綠對抗」造成的暴動,幾乎動搖政權。最後,查士丁尼大帝用計,把這相當於首都君士坦丁堡十分之一的三萬多「藍綠群眾」鎖在競技場,招來外族軍隊,屠戮他們,才平定動亂。</span></b></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0.825em 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: #351c75;"><br /></span></b></p><h3 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 1.65em; margin: 0px; padding: 1.875em 0px 0.365em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi6EqF8Dgb78VK7wMKNz44cewHD_0559tb4HJlrjtlnQWYV-V9V2uwYpvDnvkz-GxYdEoPou6cQTutugjFyKB02uEVZi5kYWOMjCfyIpTJJexXcGfegPHkj7VY_LH8QF0M3c6Rpb5TI3dGxK7lX2sVPd5N5h-TLQ_wMc6HGwT4P8gPubIdpBFzKCWAQq_8" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img alt="" data-original-height="648" data-original-width="1080" height="327" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi6EqF8Dgb78VK7wMKNz44cewHD_0559tb4HJlrjtlnQWYV-V9V2uwYpvDnvkz-GxYdEoPou6cQTutugjFyKB02uEVZi5kYWOMjCfyIpTJJexXcGfegPHkj7VY_LH8QF0M3c6Rpb5TI3dGxK7lX2sVPd5N5h-TLQ_wMc6HGwT4P8gPubIdpBFzKCWAQq_8=w544-h327" width="544" /></a></h3><h3 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 1.65em; margin: 0px; padding: 1.875em 0px 0.365em; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></h3><h3 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 1.65em; margin: 0px; padding: 1.875em 0px 0.365em; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #990000;">拜占庭帝國也有「藍綠鬥爭」?</span></h3><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0.825em 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">從共和時期開始,羅馬的統治者、貴族與豪強,遇有節日慶典,或宗教、政治上有需要時,會以神鬼戰士格鬥、人獸相搏,戰車競賽等表演,來歡娛公眾。但到4世紀初,羅馬接受基督教信仰,禁絕殘忍血腥的搏殺後,以四匹馬拉的兩輪戰車競賽,就成為帝國自上到下,每個人都喜愛的消遣。</span></b></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0.825em 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">賽車駕駛們只看到終點與勝利,不顧死傷衝撞對手,需要勇氣與技術,民眾崇拜他們,視之如偶像。</span></b></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0.825em 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">羅馬的車會,以旗幟與車手衣服的顏色為辨識,開始時有紅、白、藍、綠,但到拜占庭時,紅併入綠,藍白也終於合。相較今日的台灣選舉,藍白合沒有成,但要勢均力敵的「三腳督」也不容易——這是湊巧?或是兩邊對抗,就以另一方為寇讎,較為明顯單純,比較合乎人類好鬥的天性?</span></b></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0.825em 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span face="Microsoft JhengHei, sans-serif"><span style="color: #990000; letter-spacing: 0.5px;"><b>同樣在台灣,一遇選舉,候選人與政黨,也常要群眾把他們當救世主,衝高得票數,拜占庭與台灣的藍綠對抗時差1500年、相距數千里,但一樣的都是狂熱者、野心家,與無助的煩悶者,製造出來嚴重威脅國家存亡的社會動亂。</b></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0.825em 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span face="Microsoft JhengHei, sans-serif"><span style="color: #990000; letter-spacing: 0.5px;"><b>車賽的勝負,決定於誰先到達終點,選舉則是最後計票多寡,兩者似乎都有客觀的標準,應該公平。但在拜占庭,藍綠支持者平時即相互鬥毆,縱火、破壞;競賽開始,他們在鼓譟外,更要朝對方飛拋擲物,暗算駕駛、破壞戰車;賽後輸贏雙方,都要聚眾遊行,或慶祝、或抗議,將張力頂到極點。</b></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0.825em 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span face="Microsoft JhengHei, sans-serif"><span style="color: #990000; letter-spacing: 0.5px;"><b>而21世紀的台灣選舉,候選人及背後的政黨,基於恨意與利害關係,以激情催化群眾、威逼競爭者,某方面而言和6世紀拜占庭車賽好像也十分類似?</b></span></span></p><h3 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 1.65em; margin: 0px; padding: 1.875em 0px 0.365em; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #38761d;">從民眾暴動到傭兵屠殺</span></h3><h4 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0.825em 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0.825em 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #38761d;">君士坦丁堡的戰車競賽場(Hippodrome)有400公尺長、200公尺寬,可以容納6萬到10萬的觀眾,對立的藍、綠群眾就坐在競賽場的兩個遠端。這裡有皇帝包廂直通皇宮,方便他與萬民同樂。所以戰車競賽也成了群眾向統治者請願、陳情的最佳場合。</span></p></h4><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0.825em 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span face="Microsoft JhengHei, sans-serif"><span style="color: #38761d; letter-spacing: 0.5px;"><b>因為有政治、宗教、族群,或商業利益等因素,不同勢力會介入煽動、操弄群眾,藉著他們的相互對抗,或與統治者的矛盾來成就陰謀。查士丁尼時,徵重稅支持與波斯的戰爭、削減貴族利益、宗教上有異端一元論,法律上有法典頒布的問題,政府與各方有所衝突。</b></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0.825em 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span face="Microsoft JhengHei, sans-serif"><span style="color: #38761d; letter-spacing: 0.5px;"><b>賽會開始前三天就有暴動,政府抓了藍綠各一人判處絞刑,但行刑時絞索裂斷,這兩人逃到教會躲藏。所以公元532年元月13日賽會那天,藍綠群眾要求赦免,隨即合流,喊出「Nika」口號,就是「勝利」的意思。儘管大帝做出讓步,但群眾不理、暴動擴大。</b></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0.825em 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span face="Microsoft JhengHei, sans-serif"><span style="color: #38761d; letter-spacing: 0.5px;"><b>元月18日,查士丁尼親自到會場,請求藍綠群眾原諒但遭到拒絕,沮喪下一度想乘船逃跑,但為皇后狄奧多拉勸阻,他找了老將貝利沙留,以及忠心耿耿的老宦臣納西斯,孤注一擲,準備動武。</b></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0.825em 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span face="Microsoft JhengHei, sans-serif"><span style="color: #38761d; letter-spacing: 0.5px;"><b>東羅馬的高官、貴族、歷任的皇帝,對不同顏色車隊,如同現代球迷,都有不同的偏好。查士丁尼本身較喜歡藍色車會,並與他們高層颇有接觸。老納西斯就因這些關係,當晚潛入賽車場的藍營總部,以手上大袋的金子賄賂領導,並說皇帝只想殺綠營的人,勸他們離開。果然第二天只有綠營人馬,與少數不知高層已落跑的藍營群眾,剩下三萬多人,還留在賽車場。</b></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0.825em 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span face="Microsoft JhengHei, sans-serif"><span style="color: #38761d; letter-spacing: 0.5px;"><b>於是「貝利沙留」率色雷斯傭兵進入賽車場,開始屠殺,「納西斯」則率哥德傭兵封鎖住另一個入口,無處可逃的三萬多人被屠殺殆盡。有史家記載,鋪在競賽場跑道上的淺色沙粒,染了血,變成褚色。</b></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0.825em 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>看來聲勢很大的暴動,卻輕易被平定了,群眾中的多數——也是主導的藍營——跑掉,也許是主要原因,但他們為什麼會盤踞在封閉的賽車場好幾天,讓軍隊封鎖出入口,任意屠殺?</b></span></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0.825em 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>或許群眾以為「拜占庭人不打拜占庭人」,天真以為不會有鎮壓這種事。另有些歷史學家卻認為使用傭兵,是鎮壓成功的關鍵,因為「色雷斯」或「哥德」雖臣服於東羅馬,但他們不算是君士坦丁堡的子弟,殺戮群眾不會有猶豫的。</b></span></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0.825em 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>相隔近1500年的同一天,拜占庭6世紀的賽車與台灣2024選舉應該都是和平的社會活動,但因為出現了「藍綠之爭」與各種有心人挑撥,為前者帶來悲慘的結果,希望在台灣這樣的對抗不會升溫或成為動亂,諸多巧合就只是巧合。</b></span></p>mtkaoforum3131.blogspot.tw/http://www.blogger.com/profile/01353164324501698355noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2576271459816084234.post-83287216719146398992023-08-07T14:24:00.002+08:002023-08-07T14:24:29.110+08:00<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: x-large;"><b>產業環境與就業機會</b></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><b> </b> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #999999;">土木水利學會五十周年「土木概論」稿</span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -24.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: large;"><b><span lang="EN-US">一、</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">專業人士的所得與社會地位</span></b></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; mso-para-margin-left: -2.0gd; text-indent: -24.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><b><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年輕學生對萬事萬物常感好奇,有強烈的求知欲;又因是非觀念明確,對某些社會現象,常有意見,有時候也會有衝動,想去改造整個世界。但他們知道不久以後,將進入社會,承擔建立家庭與事業的責任與壓力,了解未來的工作環境必須要穩定。到了高中要畢業,進大學前,將來要走那條路,過什麼生活,面臨決定,但個人知識有限,不知何去何從,師長前輩卻有高度期望,不免產生一些焦慮與挫折的感覺。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">自</span><span lang="EN-US">200</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年前產業革命以來,經濟不平等的現象,在許多國家、社會都得到改善。主要是科技發達,專業人士和他們精熟的專業技能,在新的分工體系不可或缺,更促成了經濟的突飛猛進。所以在財富與所得分配上,<a name="_Hlk138882715">他們得到了與他們重要性相當的份額。也就是說,個別專業人士</a>拿到的薪酬與其在今日世界的消費能力,比起往昔,會有數十倍的提升;他們的人數在總人口中的占比,也有驚人的增加。這些說明了</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在從前,農業社會一切生產都出於土地,無論是其上的作物或地下的礦物,都附屬於土地,只有藉繼承、放貸或身分特權,取得土地,才有豐厚的財富與所得,但這些幸運的人只占全人口百分之一左右。而且,因為知識的缺乏與科技的落後,儘管他們的所得相對於一般人很高,足夠去差遣二、三十位奴僕,但他們的生活水準與壽命福祉還是比不上現代社會的中下階級。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在現代,人類生活普遍改善,是因為生產方式進步,分配模式較為合理,而這</span> <span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">要歸功於專業人士,充分地運用了世世代代累積的知識、技能與經驗,做出貢獻。他們以第一流的頭腦,接受嚴密的專業訓練,信守專業倫理規範,或者擔任律師、會計師,或工程師,所以在各種不同的經濟體制,分配給他們所得與財富的份額,相對於社會其他階層,越來越高。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">入錯行業,從求學時選錯科系開始,會影響人的一輩子:收入、地位、操勞的程度、生活的樂趣、健康與壽命,都與職業,也就是念大學時選讀的科系相關。所以,年輕時就可以去了解產業與市場的現狀,時代的走向,再反思自己的性格與能力,才能在選讀科系上,做出正確的選擇。</span></b></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: large;"><b>二、土木產業與土木工程師的地位</b></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">過去三、四十年,台灣的發展快速,專業人員中的律師和會計師,在商業方面的貢獻,是有目共睹的;在所得與地位上社會也給他們優厚的回報。而背景為理工,也就是念電機、化學、機械,土木與資訊等學科的工程師,在同一時間,也打造了台灣可引以為傲的科技工業。從紡織、加工業、電子、資訊到高科技,台灣一步一腳印地往前走;飲水思源,這強大的力量就是來自重視數理的國、高中老師與學生。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">台灣的經濟發展,是從基礎建設開始,我們有道路、鐵路、港口、機場,與網路等建設,所以人員、原料、半產品、零配件、乃至信息等,可以充分流通;因為有電廠、輸配電線設施、煉油廠、瓦斯儲槽與管線等建設,輕、重與高科技工業的能源供應與運輸,可以無虞。而隨著經濟的成長與產業的升級,這些設施必須擴充、強固與進化,而它們的規劃、設計與施工,都是屬於土木的領域。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">經濟發展也改變人們的生活型態,當人與資源必須集中,以方便製造並輸出產品時,都市型的聚落就取代了自給自足的農村經濟。在有限的空間,大量人口的居住、交通、淨水供應、汙水處理、排水防洪、電力與能源傳輸,空氣清潔、景觀、休閒、娛樂,體育,與公眾活動等問題,都要依賴土木工程師提出更加進階的方案來解決。換句話說,土木工程<a name="_Hlk139576892">師</a>必須與時俱進,因為竭慮殫智,讓公眾過文明與舒坦的生活,是他們的責任。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">所以其他的工、商產業,或因景氣循環,會有行業興衰,業務起落的情形,但<a name="_Hlk139205100">只要文明與經濟持續發展,社會就需要土木</a>產業;因為自古以來,大自然依其天候、地理與地質條件,無情的限制人類的發展,但土木工程師卻能在嚴酷環境中刻畫或雕塑出種種的人為結構,克服障礙。相對於機電、化工、機械工程師,土木工程師與文明的關係,較為穩定與全面,也代表他們有較好的就業機會。</span></b></span>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: large;"><b>三、營建業的藝術與人文根源</b></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #990000;"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">營建業並不是絕對科學,它植根於歷史、文化、風俗,契約,不能自外於既有的交易習慣,有很大的程度與人文常識緊密連結。不會像其他類型工程師的工作,只與數據、公式,或計算連結,在很多時後,顯得有些乏味,或枯燥。而土木工程師的工作,包含各種設施與系統的規劃、設計、施工、運轉、和維修等,與財務、法律、保險、商業習慣等,有很直接的關係;再加上必須去了解工程建設的使用情形,他們必須與公眾接觸,才能在技術與管理上有所精進。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #990000;"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">所以成功的<a name="_Hlk139211471"></a><a name="_Hlk139850352"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk139211471;">土木工程師</span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk139211471;">,</span>會去瞭解現實世界如何運作:尤其是民主社會中,各種政治機關、利益團體、工商業界,是怎樣發揮影響力,經過抗衡與折衝,到相互妥協,解決分歧,讓政府持續運轉、經濟成長的過程。也因他們的訓練與務實,在各級政府單位,不管政黨如何輪替,有<a name="_Hlk139224884">土木工程師</a>背景的,常是掌握公權力的關鍵人物,所謂技術官僚,早期的台灣或現在經濟正快速發展的一些國家,他們都有很大的不可取代性。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #990000;">另一方面,營建產業因其規模與多樣化,可以按照個人不同的性向及能力,提供他們專業上的許多選擇,這是其他較為單調的產業無法比擬的:顧問公司或營造商、老闆或夥計、業務或技術、內業或工地、經理人或專家、學術研究或營利工作,大單位或小組織。換句話說,入行者可以在適當的時間內,調整自己,藉著工作找出自己應該扮演的角色。</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: large;">四、不受景氣榮枯影響的營建業</span></b></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">許多產業,規模與產值非常大,工程師面對的,卻是不變的生產流程,個人對產品與系統的影響很有限,遑論對整個產業。因此他們從一開始,對職務與專業,就要做長期的承諾,除非是罕有的晉升或跳槽。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">但土木工程,每一項工程都是在不同的地點,依照顧客指定的需求,規劃、設計與施工,這使得它的每一項「產品」都不一樣。所以<a name="_Hlk139485059">土木工程師</a>不會和機電、化工、機械工程師一樣,重複施作相同的工作,感到自己只是巨大機器中的小螺絲釘。換句話說,土木工程師的工作,是如同下棋對弈,每一盤面對的都是新的挑戰,影響成敗好壞的是他們的個性和能力。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>深知自己個性與能力是最困難的,但營建產業範圍廣大,允許個人有彈性依自己的長、短所在,甚至經長期試誤,去學習、調整,最後找到適合自己的職務,這種容錯的惡質,在別的產業是很難有的。</b></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: large;"><b>五、對設計組織、<a name="_Hlk139850788">施工</a>廠商、業主、學術機關的介紹</b></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #38761d;"><b><a name="_Hlk139796088"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年輕的土木工程學生,也希望知道產業中,不一樣的</span></a><a name="_Hlk139795825"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk139796088;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">機構或公司</span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk139796088;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,在市場上</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的地位和前途是如何?要進去是要具備什麼樣的條件?有什麼前途或升遷可能?合不合自己的個性?所以我們還是依他們的性質,來做介紹與分析:<a name="_Hlk139850686">設計組織、施工廠商、業主、學術機關。</a></span></b></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk139850686;"></span> <span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #800180; font-size: medium;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: lightgrey;">1. </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">設計組織</span> <span lang="EN-US">- </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">顧問公司、建築師事務所:</span></b></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; mso-para-margin-left: -2.0gd; text-indent: -24.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">土木工程師在設計單位最主要的工作,就是依循最先進的技術、參考市場的應用實例,遵行政府權責機關頒行的法規與標準,對所負責工程的結構、建築、或系統,提出設計圖說與技術規範。而當提出這些專業建議時,他必須確定所涉及的工藝、材料、工序,與興建成本,已考慮到業主的最佳利益,以及施工與使用者的方便。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd;"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">設計工作給人的固定印象,大致上是在辦公桌,電腦前獨自完成的靜態工作,所以工程師必須坐得住,勤奮,有耐性。很多個性內向,習慣靜好歲月,個性內向的年輕人,很喜歡這種很大程度,不必去理睬「俗務凡人」,又</span>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">可以固定時間上下班的室內工作。但個性比較外向,又認為自己在協調、管理上可以發揮的年輕人,會對進設計單位有猶豫。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; mso-para-margin-left: -2.0gd; text-indent: -24.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; mso-para-margin-left: -2.0gd; text-indent: -24.0pt;"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">現代的工程複雜程度甚於往昔,時間的有限與專業的考慮,都需要不同專長工程師在一定的時間內,相互合作、配合,才能完成如質如期完成的設計給付。不只是新建工程,許多既有功能需加強、更改,或修復的案子,更要土木與其他專業的工程師,彼此開放,給予數據、資料或細節,工作才能進行。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; mso-para-margin-left: -2.0gd; text-indent: -24.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd;"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">所以,在設計單位工作,仍然需要溝通與管理;工程師從協調開始,可以發展出領導團隊,鼓舞士氣,提昇工作效率,進一步成為經理人的能力。我們知道廿一世紀的企業,對<a name="_Hlk139662961">菁英領導制度</a>,都持開放的態度;報酬薪給亦不吝分享;尤其在較大的工程設計公司,老闆無法躬親,必須假手經理人負責工程成敗、業務得失,更需他們去栽培、發掘人才。<a name="_Hlk139661126">雖然設計單位</a>的經理,與營造公司的工地<a name="_Hlk139660307">經理</a>,要領導藍領勞工,所需的統御技巧,不盡一致,但它還是能提供年輕工程師,走向所謂超級經理人職務的機會,與從前大家對在顧問公司工作,必須要皓首窮經,才能要有一定地位的印象,不太一樣。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; mso-para-margin-left: -2.0gd; text-indent: -24.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; mso-para-margin-left: -2.0gd; text-indent: -24.0pt;"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> 如</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">上所說,</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">土木工程師的設計工作,是基於專業知識,提出興建藍圖與設計報告。他們與一般藍領勞工,只根據領班或管理人員命令或指定的方式,生產可以量化計酬的產品,並不一樣。他們的績效或表現,是由上層的經理人或資深工程師,以稍帶主觀定見的方式來做考核;工程師的獎金、來年的薪水、職務的晉升或變動,就按照考核的結果來決定。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在較大型的顧問公司或建築師事務所,考核主管必須注意的面向較多,包括設計的品質、與委託者的互動、所屬專案或部門的盈虧、協調能力,擔任較重要職務的潛力等。但一般的基層員工可能只聚焦於自己在辦公室裡的努力,認為上級的考核偏差、太過計較盈虧,無視初學者的學習意願等問題,因此沒有耐性等下去,變得要換工作,這是雙方的損失。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>初始就業者,不能以為自己年輕,有時間可以作選擇,要去了解那些問題是初學者暫時的挫折,那些確實是工作單位的問題,最重要的是學習與工作態度要認真、謙虛與客觀。但從另一方面來說,大型顧問公司或建築師事務所的老闆們,必須在薪資外,對加給、獎金、分紅,乃至入股等作較為彈性,或敏感的處理,以因應菁英制度加諸於自由市場莫之能禦的壓力。</b></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #800180; font-size: medium;"><b><a name="_Hlk139664028"></a><a name="_Hlk139715176"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk139664028;"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: lightgrey; mso-highlight: lightgrey;">2. </span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk139715176;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk139664028;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">施工</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk139664028;"><span lang="EN-US">- </span></span><a name="_Hlk139715672"></a><a name="_Hlk139714171"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk139715672;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk139664028;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">承包</span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk139715672;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk139664028;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">廠商</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">、監造</span></b></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">營建產業中,土木工程科系畢業生較常去的機構或公司,相對的可以運用、支配較多的資源,對社會發揮較大影響力的,就是<a name="_Hlk139799527">承包廠商</a>;因為不論是新建或改善工程,</span><a name="_Hlk139715052"><span style="background: white; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">施工</span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk139715052;"></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">費用總是占全部費用的大部分。而老闆為要履約所做的決定,包括採購發包、人事聘僱、協調社群、乃至回朔到最前面案件是否成立,預算如何分配等,都會與承包廠商有關。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">工程在可行性研究、規劃,或設計階段,僅以概念或意象的抽象形式,存在於圖說、文書,或電腦中;到施工開始,人們才會見到逐漸成形的實體物件,所以<a name="_Hlk139720458">施作廠商</a>的形象,常與工程的完工交付膠結在一起。結果是工程在施工發包前的遲延,大家很少去注意或責難,但實質開工後,監管單位反而會要求施工廠商去把落後的進度趕回來。設計也是一樣,前期的工作單位因思慮不足,或設想錯誤,有了缺點,接到最後一棒的施工廠商把它改過來,似乎成了他的義務。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">施工廠商<a name="_Hlk139746674">因</a>承攬契約金額占工程費用的大部分,或因是工作接力團隊的最後一棒,相關單位靠他們來解決問題,所以團隊承受很大的壓力,這也是許多人不願選擇參加乙方的道理。相對而言,同樣是在工地工作,業主代表或是監造,他們可以對工作品質無限要求,或就進度儘量催逼,但施工廠商高階幹部或基層工程師在這種高張力下,還必須注意成本、安衛,或睦鄰等問題。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">但對同樣的工程,不一樣的團隊,應對不一樣,執行的結果也會不一樣,因為營建工程與生產業不同,生產成本不只是機器、生產線與勞工的函數關係。在營建工程,單位時間內每一個工作項目完成多少工作量,會是決定成本的關鍵;而團隊可控的因素,除了基於科技的施工方法與工地布置外,施工團隊如何應對各方,業主代表、監造、設計、小包、工班、社區、權責機關派來的檢查人員,甚至民代、媒體等,會關係到工程的盈虧成敗。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">所以自認為早熟,社會化程度較高的年輕人,會認為他們在施工單位能有表現的機會,因為對人性的了解,不一定是需要年資,或穩定不變的環境。我們在前面曾說,施工廠商的承攬費用較其他工程單位或公司可支配的費用高,既然他的員工應對各方,或做即時決定時,影響到工程盈虧的程度那麼大,他自然也肯給予表現優越的人,較高的報酬。也就是說,承包廠商用人的鑑別率大,而且不一定要高學歷,或按照排班論輩,工程師才能擔任有高報酬的職位。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">擔任監造工作,也是在工地工作,同樣的要受風寒、曬太陽,但他是檢查工作品質、查核進度,核准各項計畫,並不需要盈虧成敗的責任,因此在承受壓力方面,與施工廠商員工差異很大。因此,他們的待遇與升遷,依產業界的現況,會是較為固定。這工作很適合兩類型的人:</span><span lang="EN-US">1. </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">對施工方法、工項品質,工地資源配置很有經驗,但在生涯中已曾經驗過,或不願意再耐受強大壓力的資深工程師;</span><span lang="EN-US">2. </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">剛畢業、無經驗,現階段願意做為助手,抱著學習態度,希望有機會再去施工的一方,承受直接壓力的年輕工程師。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">關於公共工程,早期政府希望設計與施工分開,互相有制衡的作用;在很大的程度保障了業主在工期、品質與成本上的利益。但設計與施工責任如由同一家廠商負責,設計時就可以考慮施工者既有的機具設備,團隊熟練的工法,容易掌握的材料,或具優越功能的系統,對節省工程經費有很大的幫助。再談到工作期程,現在的採購法規允許「<a name="_Hlk139807322">設計與施工</a>」</span><span lang="EN-US">(D&B)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">與「設計、採購、施工」</span><span lang="EN-US">(EPC)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的招標方式,設計與施工可以交錯、重疊,加上兩者不是分開發包,未準時交付的責任不再成為展延的事由,至少不再是契約爭議的一部分。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US">EPC</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的招標方式實施以來,對執行工程的效率增進很有幫助,權責機關也不必操勞、憂心界面帶來的影響,因此這十幾年來,適用的範圍越來越大,也改變了市場的生態。比如說,從前因為強調制衡,不但設計與施工,土木與<a name="_Hlk139810567">水電、空調、管線、設備,軟體、系統</a>等都要分開,造成營建市場切割得很細</span><span lang="EN-US">(fragmentation)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。好的一面是任何人只要在某方面有它的作用,就可以一個小公司,在工程的承接鍊上扮一個角色,這對營建專業的發展,有不好的影響。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">當營建公司以</span><span lang="EN-US">EPC</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的方式承攬工程,因為它責任大,財務、人事規模就要擴充;它必須對分包廠商的專業能力做實質的審查,非專業、掮客型的公司就要退出市場,而不能憑法律證照就可以搶標取的工程。而當大型、複雜工程的管理與完工責任轉到</span><a name="_Hlk139810498"><span lang="EN-US">EPC</span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk139810498;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">廠商</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">時,他們就需要更多的土木工程師來做管理的工作;同樣的,</span><span lang="EN-US">EPC</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">廠商的專業分包商,不論是土木、水電、空調、管線、設備系統等也需要更多的專業工程師。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">其實在民間工程方面,很早以前就有同時掌握設計與施工的統包商,從早期建設公司推出的住宅、辦公室、造鎮、造市等建案,到近年高科技廠房、離岸風電、綠能,等建設,私人的投資範圍與規模的擴大,工程複雜與專業性越來越強,這裡面更有國際化的前景,使得土木工程師的舞台越來越大。</span></b></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #800180; font-size: medium;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: lightgrey; mso-highlight: lightgrey;">3. </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">業主</span><span lang="EN-US"> - </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">政府部門、投資者</span></b></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #990000;"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在台灣或許因文化的關係,公務員受到某種程度的尊崇,雖然他們的薪酬不算高,掌握的權力也不如從前;但他們的工作受到保障、生涯中國家也提供很多進修機會、退休後繼續享有月退,這些優點讓年輕人認為通過高、普考試,為國家服務,是一種好選擇。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #990000;"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">政府近年嚴格要求依法行政,關於工程採購與招標,也頒布了許多法規,許多公務員依循成例辦事,卻有觸法的危險,這影響到大家報名國家考試,甚至錄取後接受分發的意願,尤其地方政府,因此有很多空缺。過渡期間,各級公務員,從首長到基層人員,對法律規章不了解,真的會造成許多憾事,但如果由行政的觀點來看,這是法律給予工程人員的保護,更進一步的證明了專業的價值。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #990000;"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">台灣的經濟開始發展時,公、私預算資金都很匱乏,基礎建設又為經濟發展所需,重要建設機器、技術,乃至人才培育,要集中資金,透過政府向外國申辦。就<a name="_Hlk139840670">土木工程師</a>而言,從</span><span lang="EN-US">50</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年代開始,作為政府機關或公營公司員工,仍有機會以留職留薪方式,利用受訓計畫、獎學金、或其他管道,出國到先進國家進修,這是擔任政府公務員或公營企業員工的好處。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #990000;"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">理論上,業主可以請專案管理計劃公司作為它的代表</span><span lang="EN-US">(PCM)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,監督工程的進行;目標不只是要確認建設投資的如期、如質完工,也希望過程中,在變更或追加減上,</span><span lang="EN-US">PCM</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">能夠維護業主的利益。在很大的程度,</span><span lang="EN-US"> PCM</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">應該是很可靠,充分的授權也是必要;但畢竟</span><span lang="EN-US">PCM</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">是不同的營利機構,業主還是應該有自己的人手,無論在計畫、付款、或契約重大事項上,做最基本的省視。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #990000;"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">業主代表權重,位卻不一定高,為求立即能夠發揮作用,很多事都是要由</span><span lang="EN-US">PCM</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">來做,所以業主代表只能有幾個人。在不能管得太多的情況下,他們只能就主要施工方法、付款與財務計畫、進度、承商履約狀況,重點檢核</span><span lang="EN-US">PCM</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">所送的資料。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b>有些年輕工程師,或許看到<a name="_Hlk139836744">業主代表,</a>受限於時間有限與無法分工,只能看一部分資料情況下,以為他們放棄了很多,覺得應該在年輕時學得更多專業,所以雖然<a name="_Hlk139837800">業主代表</a>,薪資相對年資、經驗等不算少,因此敬而遠之。其實這不算對,因為在政府興建公共工程,或財團投資大型建設的機會較前為多的當下,這種職務已經變成了一種專業:就他們知道預算數字與時間的函數關係,品質與進度的相互干擾,成本與價值的比較,從而能保障建設的成功,資本的順利回收。</b></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #800180; font-size: medium;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: lightgrey; mso-highlight: lightgrey;">4. </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">學術機關、</span></b></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">以前的中古歐洲,學生只要懂拉丁文並信仰天主,就受所有的大學歡迎。大學教導是藝術的地方,並提供神學、法律,與醫藥課程。但到十九世紀,德國的柏林大學要求學生選擇研究主題、專業、或特定的社會問題,找出解決辦法,告訴公眾,他們的研究方法與結論。大學不再是單純提供學生一個人文和古典學科基礎的所在。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">後來的美國大學,更進一步讓大學成為技術研究中心,他們接受私人或企業的捐助,以此吸引人才到大學,完成對市場有用的學術研究,或訓練業界所要用的人,所謂<a name="_Hlk139847367">「知識產業」</a>的建立,以此為濫觴。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">再其次,國家也為了競爭力,「投資」在高等教育。在台灣,除了公立大學教學人員薪水由政府負擔外,私立大學也接受政府的補助。這種轉變讓公、私立大學,尤其是前者,失掉了一些自主性。他們人員的薪水發放,晉升與錄用,必須比照公務員,接受銓敘;研究用的儀器、設備,材料、書籍的購買必須按照採購法,甚至是小額的核銷,都有政府的規定。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">因為國家或委託單位的需求不定,大學科系在若干研究計畫,在目標,或是在參加人員的專長與人數的選派,必須儘量配合,這就使他們更需要有「經營規模」的考量:發散的研究計畫,包容更多研究人員、技工、甚至管理專才。所幸,<a name="_Hlk139843863">土木學系</a>也是工科,在找計劃、經費方面,相較於社會學系,應該會比較順利。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">土木工程學系學生畢業後要留在學術界,並不是壞事;首先工科學系與產業的界線已經很模糊的,他們的人學生就是產業明日的主力軍;其次,很多大公司因為本身的工作環境,是不適合做研究工作的,他們必須要找學術單位合作,以市場力量為誘因,開發出新技術,才能在現今面臨缺工、缺料等問題的土木產業,找到競爭力。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">不管學術單位能從產業界拿到什麼計畫,募得多少資金,要從事學術工作必須知道,走這條路是一趟寂寞、枯燥、長遠的苦行,中間有時候會有稀疏的掌聲,但大多數時是無人理睬。金錢的報酬更是有限正如德國哲學家馬克斯.韋伯</span><span lang="EN-US">(Max. Weber)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,一百年前「學術作為一種志業」所問的許多問題。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">真正的學者或許會因收入不多,而感到挫折。但當他發現可以對未來世代的人貢獻出知識,他會很高興;所謂學術工作得出的成果,有其重要性,亦即「有知道的價值」,這是一種得以補償長期乏人聞問的滿足感。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">當然,現代的學術單位在變化中,比如說,成為上面敘述的「知識產業」,與願意投入大量金錢,贊助研究計畫的大公司合作,發展新的科技。另一方面,與學系研究的相關法律也漸漸的修正,除了允許學校聘用學者以外的專業人員,有關他們獎金,或與研究成果連動的激勵金的規定,也變得更有彈性。所以大學,也可能是土木工程學系畢業學生的一個理想的工作所在。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>當然抱持著「你來之前數千年悠悠歲月已逝,未來數千年在靜默中等待」,與世無爭,純粹想當個學者的,大有人在。但不管是研究或教學,都需要熱情、理想,並再加上一些探索的精神。不管研究計畫變得如何功利,工科技藝是如何市場化,只有中庸之才的人,還是不必到大學工作。</b></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>mtkaoforum3131.blogspot.tw/http://www.blogger.com/profile/01353164324501698355noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2576271459816084234.post-45286363436276519582023-07-20T23:21:00.005+08:002023-12-22T22:25:40.378+08:00<p><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: x-large;"><b>國際工程談判實務</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: x-large;"><b>(International Construction Contract Negotiation)</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #674ea7; font-size: medium;"><b>2023年 7月工程產業全球化人才實務培訓班(July 2023 NTUCE room 220 Lecture)</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #674ea7; font-size: medium;"><b>2023年12月營造天下雜誌(December 2023,Construction Association Journal)</b></span></p><p>高銘堂,中興工程顧問社執行長,2023 (Blog: http://mtkaoforum31.blogspot.tw/)</p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>一、前言:</b></span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>上世紀80年代以來,我國工程市場「自由化」的幅度相當大,但所有的變革,不論是契約法規的修正、進出行業的機制,或從業人員的管理,都考慮<span style="color: #990000;">本土廠商會是市場的主角</span>,據以規劃;<span style="color: #990000;">傳統的交易習慣</span><span style="color: #990000;">,</span>符合時勢與否,也大致<span style="color: #990000;">獲得保留</span><span style="color: #990000;">。</span>外國公司,只能在某些先進技術、機具設備,或管理系統,引進、初開展時,有機會參與</b>。</span></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;">I<span face="Calibri, sans-serif">n
Taiwan, the construction laws and regulations revised quite a few times</span> since 80’s<span face="Calibri, sans-serif">, responding to the universal request to open the market. The government
relaxed their original intention to restraint the activities of</span><a name="_Hlk151575026" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"> </a><span face="Calibri, sans-serif">engineering and </span><a name="_Hlk151573920" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">construction</a><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"> companies; allowing them to offer
broader services to meet their client’s multivarient requirement. The government attention shifts more on the
quality, progress and safety of the construction projects. But <span style="color: #990000;">the industry
is used to be localized</span>, <span style="color: #990000;">the changes benifit more to the native people. </span>The foreign companies only get opportunity
to do business related to importation of advanced technology, machine, and material for construction works.</span></span></b></p><p><br /></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;">這期間雖然<span style="color: #990000;">政府簽署了GPA,</span><span style="color: #990000;">承諾在一定金額以上的政府採購,不排除外國業者</span>,但實際運作的結果,直接參加公共工程競標的外國廠商並不多,得標的比率也不高。</span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;">During the course, the <span style="color: #990000;">Government signed
GPA,</span> <span style="color: #990000;">vows to admit foreign companies to participate in the public tenders
for amount over certain value.</span> Though the participants were not many and success rate wasn’t high, the international conractors weren't question too much, maybe the market size wasn't big.</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;"><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;">過去幾年,情況有一些改變,<span style="color: #990000;">台灣的高科技廠房、數據中心、離岸風電、綠能產業等,吸引了許多外國投資者</span><span style="color: #990000;">,</span>而他們也真的來了。固然開發商必須負責資金、整合與營運,但在設計、施工、維修、經營與管理方面,他們還是要依賴做過他們以往成功案例的下游廠商。</span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;">The situation is different now, the investors,
<span style="color: #990000;">many of them with international back ground, are scramble to venture for
projects, like high-tech plant, data center, off shore
windmill or green energy systems. </span>As many of them require capital, complicated
technology and persistent commitment, they tend to team up with known
sub-contractors and vendors from overseas for safety play in construction, operation, maintenance,
and business administration.</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;"><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;">本土營建業者當然是其中的一分子,但他們必須<span style="color: #990000;">藉由談判獲得業主或大包的信任與信心,</span>才能決定在工程中擔任什麼角色。也就是說從一開始,他們就要向外國的雇主或大包,說明本土業者可能提供的服務,如:<span style="color: #990000;">擔任的法定職責,勞務與採購,技術轉移,某些專業的替代等</span>。所以說,專業的國際談判,在第一時間就可以淘汰準備不足或沒有經驗的本地業者,讓有心上進的本國廠商有更多的機會。</span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;">The native companies for their potential to offer in-time and low-cost service surely are ideal choice for the foreign investors or main contractors. If they can convince their counterpart that they can offer, <span style="color: #990000;">to obtain permit, license, fit as technology transfer recipient and needed resource swiftly during the course of establishemnt,</span> certainly they’ll get the business. Therefore, the knowledge and skill required in the negotiation with foreigners is important because it’s an opportunity for them to get higher end business to brush aside many local competitiors and transcend their own capability in a harsh market for better tomorow.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;">在從前,如果你不想承包海外工程、不出國,你可以運用多年來在市場累積的知識與關係網路,取得業務、資源,依循往例,維持一個體面的工程設計或施工公司。但現在許多投資或開發商來自國外,他們下面的<span style="color: #990000;">專管、設計或監造,以及若干設備廠商,都會去用國際人士熟悉的契約制度,</span>要他們去遷就本土行業交易習慣,幾乎是不可能的。</span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Not long before, one could disregard the knowledge and skill required to deal with the foreigners in a closed market, however, now that many sizable projects are invested or directed by international companies. So, the people in local construction industry couldn’t neglect the contract value it stands for and technological advancement implied for the deals made wiith international companies. However, t<span style="color: #990000;">he international companies would stick to their own requirement for quality, schedule and contractual implementation </span>and not the other way around. Local people have to get familiar with the way communication, negotiation and deal-making is done outside of Taiwan. </span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;">整個國家的經濟、金融,與產業經營環境都在改變,各項投資開放給國際廠商的範圍和可能性,會越來越大。<span style="color: #990000;">設計或營造雖然都是特許行業</span>,某種程度保障了本土業者,但<span style="color: #990000;">法規與習慣只能給予消極性的保護,不能幫忙爭取到業務。</span>本土營建業者與工程師,可能要認清<span style="color: #990000;">市場國際化的趨勢已不可免</span><span style="color: #990000;">,</span>對「談判」持開放態度,才能爭取對服務單位,與個人的最大利益。</span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;">As times goes by, the foreign capital and technology will be further welcome in Taiwan, with scope and extent more shrunk.<span style="color: #990000;"> It's envisioned that only individuals or companies well prepared with international knowledge will be profited</span>. The trend won’t be reversed.</span></b></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>二、 談判理論與實務的差距:</b></span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #38761d;">1.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>基於西方式思維發展出來的典型談判理論、原則,是否能適用於東方人與西方人的國際談判?</span></b><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color: #274e13;"><b>(The
Gap between Theory and the Practice)</b></span></span></span></p><p><br /></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;">許多記載於<span style="color: #990000;">”MBA”課程的談判理論、原則,像是確定目標、關心他人、追求雙贏</span>等,當然都是由<span style="color: #990000;">大師、權威,基於嚴密的邏輯、寶貴的實務經驗,與詳實的統計</span>,所演繹出來的。</span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Will the theory developed out of Western
norm and rationales be applicable in the negotiation between Westerners and Orientals? The<span face="Calibri, sans-serif"><span> negotiation theory or strategy told in MBA text book suggests that the parties have
to identify their interest and then set up negotiation strategies. <span style="color: #990000;">The doyens in
the field also believe the win-win situation is achievable with empathy, openness,
and fairness based on solid reasoning, statistic data and telling examples.</span></span></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;"><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: medium; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b>我們也相信這些理論、原則,可以應用在很多當事者雙方身分、特質、背景接近的談判上,但許多實際參與「國際工程談判」的台灣營建業者,卻認為這些教科書所敘述的談判情境,和他們實際上遭遇到的,會有落差,他們反而常會遇到下列問題</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: medium; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b>We trust the theory, principle and the strategy as defined in the MBA text can be useful for participants of similar cultural background, proficiency and legal perspective. However, between <span style="color: #990000;">Taiwanese contractors and the international companies there’re gaps to be crossed </span>more than the language problem:</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #990000;"><span lang="EN-US"> 1). </span><span face="新細明體, serif">因國籍、歷史因素,與經濟地位不同,西方廠商常有相對的優越感。</span></span></b><span style="color: #990000;"><b> </b></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b>The western companies always exhibit a sense of superiority out of nationality, histories and economic deprival.</b></span><b><span style="color: #990000;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US"> 2). </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">因語言、文化、養成背景等差異,東方談判代表,常自覺處於劣勢。</span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #990000;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b><span style="color: #990000;"><b>The local participants often feel they’re in an inferior position as language, culture and back ground aren’t working in their favor during negotiation. </b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US"> 3). </span><span face="新細明體, serif">作為承包商相對於業主或大包,地位上常處於劣勢。</span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span>The text book would rarely tell you how to deal with the up-tier foreign firms. Hierarchically, the locals as sub-contractors and vendors are already on down side in negotiation wth their local client for business. </b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></p>
<p><span face="新細明體, serif" style="font-size: medium;"><b>這些障礙在談判過程,常成為問題,形成的原因,我們稍後有詳盡的分析;但<span style="color: #990000;">雙方都沒不想從根本去解決歧異,尤其是持優勢地位的西方代表,在談判中沒有遇到夠分量的反對意見,</span>不會去警覺這是一種危險。</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>There can be impediment during negotiation,
and usually <span style="color: #990000;">the parties wouldn’t try to find and solve the difference fundamentally. </span>The Westerners are f<span style="color: #990000;">eeling easy and unguarded because they seldom hear the dissenting voice from the locals</span>.
Later, they would feel angry that the minnows are dare to defy them and realize the locals’ reticence to sign on any
paper previously doesn’t mean the full compliance with the terms of requisition.</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;"><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></b></p><div><div><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></div></div><b><span style="font-size: medium;">許多國外談判代表,總認為若干本土業者,<span style="color: #990000;"></span><span style="color: #990000;">依仗著對法令與市場的熟悉,</span><span style="color: #990000;">有意無意的排外,</span></span></b><div><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #990000;">是不合理的,他們要告訴本土營建業者,他們才是公平商業規則的制定者與實現者,有些人</span><span style="color: #990000;">像狂熱的教士,</span> 堅持他們契約與制度的完整性,基於優越感與正義感,要求本土人士接受, </span></b></div><div><div style="text-align: left;"><div><b><span style="font-size: medium;">同時也相信對方為了業務考量,終會按照他們的需求,與他們簽約。</span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Many international company representatives are biased against the laws and market for over protecting the locals. They may be <span style="color: #990000;">resolute to bring in the western practice for their projects in Taiwan</span> because they believe that it’s the only way to achieve timely, quality and economic completion. <span style="color: #990000;">They insist the wholeness of the arrangement and accept not even a minor compromise facing the market. </span>The native entrepreneurs are regarded as someone needed to be proselytized for the international practice. </span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></b></div></div></div><div><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #990000;">本土營建業者</span>,認為他們只是在<span style="color: #990000;">語言與文書能力,無法溝通、談判,只好按照外國業者或大包的形式要求,做出妥協,簽署契約,</span>但<span style="color: #990000;">相信到最</span><span style="color: #990000;">後,工作還是要依他們的想法來完成。</span>至</span></b><b><span style="font-size: medium;">於外國業主或大包,形勢比人強,為了要完成工程,法律和契約上他們也只能選擇投降。<span style="color: #990000;">傳</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: medium;">統上,簽的約都是供參考而已,台灣工程市場自然有一套法則,<span style="color: #990000;">外國人相信的律師或法務,</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #990000;">在這裡只是過場而已</span>。</span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Always the locals consider the compromise
made to agree and sign on the document is <span style="color: #990000;">necessary and temporary before the
foreign companies know the cruel fact of the market.</span> So, they don’t feel guilty to
revoke any prior for any commercial and technical commitment because it's set by
the “ignorant” foreign up-tier contractors or owners and impossible to be carried out by the locals. <span style="color: #990000;">They believe that the
works will have to be executed in their way and the lawyer witness the contract signature or the Contract Administrative Expert would be drown in the impending higgling.</span></span></b></div><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;"><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p><div><b><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-size: medium;"> <br />而在國外那一方,他們<span style="color: #990000;">總以為簽了約,就有正面的進展</span>,不知道這可能只是推遲了問題爆發 的時間而已。尤其在大公司,談判、簽約的人,通常不會是將來要執行工程的人,履約時發</span></b><b><span style="font-size: medium;">生了問題,他們只能<span style="color: #990000;">埋怨當初談判者 的輕忽、無知,</span> 或是痛罵這塊土地上的鳥不語,花不</span></b><b><span style="font-size: medium;">香,與本地簽約對象的無情無義。 </span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-size: medium;">When <span style="color: #990000;">foreign representatives in charge for requisition wouldn’t spend time and effort to understand the market </span>thoroughly, they will find <span style="color: #990000;">the deals made is only documental.</span> They take for granted that everything will be honored according to the papers signed and only dissapointed in the later stage. And it usually happens in a sizable company that the people responsible for procurement won’t be the same guys for execution. <span style="color: #990000;">Always the latecomers have to do mine sweeping works when they take over the contracts </span>and complain their predecessors and the revoked. </span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-size: medium;"> <br />這種<span style="color: #990000;">本地業者關門打狗的談判策略,</span>不論其是否正派,<span style="color: #990000;">有它的風險。</span>比如說,某些營建廠再</span></b><b><span style="font-size: medium;">商,簽了自己明知無法履行的契約條件,時間耗盡,面臨攤牌時,以外國業主或大包,要求</span></b><b><span style="font-size: medium;">不合理,做不到為理由,強迫對方接 受變更,不啻是以形勢,而非事前的合意約定, 作為履</span></b><b><span style="font-size: medium;">約條件。他們的<span style="color: #990000;">基</span><span style="color: #990000;">本假設,是對方不敢以工程,其實是投資成敗,來做對抗。但當威脅對</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: medium;">方不成功時,後果就會很慘。所以還是走正路,提升自己的談判能力,才 是正解。</span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-size: medium;"> <br /> <br />再從道德倫理的觀點來看這種以同歸於盡來勒贖對方的手法,就是某一方有一些人,把另一</span></b><b><span style="font-size: medium;">方當成「非我族類,欺之可也」的對象,是非常落伍的想法,把以全球化的世界還原到不同</span></b><b><span style="font-size: medium;">民族相互壓榨,欺凌的年代,實在是 要不得的。</span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-size: medium;"> <br /><br />常看到外國團隊當中的有些人,並沒有「天下之人」的視野、胸襟,卻以發達國家專家什麼</span></b><b><span style="font-size: medium;">知識的加持,毛病百出,不但工程 不會成功,也為他們的民族或國家做了很負面的宣傳。</span></b><b><span style="font-size: medium;">這是很要不得,但卻常見,尤其是許多沒本事,又領高薪的大公司員工,<span style="color: #990000;">本土廠商必須在他</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #990000;">們壞事以前,就把他們揪出來,</span>不能客氣。</span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br />就本土人士而言,還是有人會抱著「一鄉一國」之人的思維,來面對來到本國投資的外國開發商或大包,有些人或希望歲月靜好,經營環境不受打擾,這是個別判斷,或價值觀問題。<br /> </span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-size: medium;">但有些人,不能面對變局,先是虛 意頷首,再以抵制、推遲,增加共同成本等手段,來強迫 對方讓步。他們在倖能得利後,還沾沾自喜,<span style="color: #990000;">以變態的民族主義來掩飾自己的墮落、無知。</span></span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-size: medium;">這種人,大家不必羨慕他們的一時僥倖,畢竟只有肯學習者,才能在市場走長遠的路,特別</span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-size: medium;">是台灣工程國際化的趨勢以示這麼明顯。</span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-size: medium;">When <span style="color: #990000;">people revoke what they’ve agreed previously, it's tantamount to extortion.</span> But it sometimes boomerangs on those locals who revoked if the relatively big foreign companies reject the blackmail. The stakes can go higher as the feuding parties exhaust contract period during the quarrel. The orthodox way to deal with the situation is to enhance the concerned people’s <span style="color: #990000;">ability to right the wrong openly and directly. </span></span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Many of the expatriates also have problems: t<span style="color: #990000;">heir high salary and favorable position mainly come from the nationality and the company's prestige that they've to bluff all the way. </span>Also, some may have preoccupation that the Asian businessmen are docile and by play hard they believe they can get everything in the negotiation.</span></b></div><div><div><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p></div><div><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #38761d;">2. 對談判方式、潛規則的熟悉度,東、西方都有其特性,在這裡舉較明顯者說明 (</span></b><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>The Western and Asian parties, each will interpret the course and style of negotiation differently, it’s illustrated as follows)</b></span><b><span style="color: #38761d;">:</span></b></span></p></div><div><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;">1). 東方人認為談判過程<span style="color: #38761d;"><span>已經達成共識的部分,在還沒簽署協議前都可重談,</span>西方人卻<span>視此為反覆</span><span>(revisit),</span></span>視此為對方言而無信的表徵。當然,或許前後之事,互有關聯,就已談過議題,重啟談判,有其條件式同意的背景,只要充分說明,並非是絕對的禁忌。</span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;">The Orientals deem <span style="color: #990000;">a</span><span style="color: #38761d;">nything can be discussed before contract signed, including the parts agreed by the parties </span>in the course of negotiation; the Westerners will consider <span style="color: #990000;">it </span><span style="color: #38761d;">“revisiting”, and thus doubt the faith of the other party.</span><span style="color: #990000;"> </span>The issue sometimes look like irrelevant, but will delay or even paralysis the progress.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;">2). 談判者間常有<span style="color: #38761d;">強者、尊者做成結論,強制弱者、卑者接受一切的情事;然<span>東方人觀念常以強不可凌弱,人情應勝於法理</span></span><span style="color: #990000;">,</span>要求對手,適可而止;<span style="color: #38761d;">西方人則認商業利益不應與道德、公益掛鈎,</span>除非談判結果已達成原來設定的目標,避免對方的困獸之鬥。</span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;">The Westerners follow the philosophy that <span style="color: #38761d;">the strong or the powerful shall dictate the negotiation terms while the weak or the powerless have to comply; the Orientals prefer the mightier to make concession and feel it’s morally unacceptable to use predominance to scourge the underdogs for their capitulation. </span>The ideas confused the Westerners who tend to separate the commercial interest and compassion especially for those having the idea of the winners take all. There could be <span face=""helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, "microsoft jhenghei", "PingFang TC", sans-serif" style="background-color: white;">repercussions that the weak will fight back when they see it;s appropriate.</span></span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>3. 演講、簡報與談判人才的不同-互相矛盾的人格特質與思考方式(</b></span><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>In Asia, the talent for lecture or briefing is usually considered as the same thing required by negotiation – demeanor and expressiveness - but actually it takes different personality and way of thinking) :</b></span></span></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #38761d;">演講、簡報人才目的是要說服聽眾,接受自己的主張,</span>所以他們的風度、儀容與口條非常重要。演說內容可<span style="color: #38761d;">根據第三者為其準備之內容</span>,經反覆演練,熟記在心,即可從容上場。</span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;">The assigned orators must equip with them for persuasiveness. But, they
can be <span style="color: #38761d;">trained through repeat exercise for the speech deliberately prepared by
the expert.</span> They’re not expected to respond to challenge at the podium as they are the only person(s) speaking. </span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;"><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #38761d;">談判者則必須深入爭議主題與細節,</span>隨時準備接受對方之挑戰,<span style="color: #38761d;">過程中伺機予對方痛擊;並能審時度勢,盤點戰果,</span>適時休兵。</span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;">But the negotiators must go <span style="color: #38761d;">deep into the topic and grip the details</span>, they need to be ready to retort at any given moment. They’ve to <span style="color: #38761d;">judge the progress and gains, and initiate the truce according to the situation</span>.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #38761d;">國人常有以為口才、風度為最重要</span>,而於關鍵談判中派遣並<span style="color: #38761d;">不具備足夠抗壓與戰鬥能力之公關長才作為代表,</span>以致鎩羽而歸,猶以為西方人係因其奸詐之民族性,故在談判上能屈服我方,此為大誤解。</span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Taiwanese people think of that<span style="color: #38761d;"> the delegates assigned
for negotiation shall be eloquent and gracious. </span>But actually, <span style="color: #38761d;">a good negotiator
requires wit and stamina to argue and fight with opponent who seldom give up
easily during the course.</span> The bosses entrust people with only eloquence and good
looking will be disappointed even <span face=""helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, "microsoft jhenghei", "PingFang TC", sans-serif" style="background-color: white;">biased</span><span face=""helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, "microsoft jhenghei", "PingFang TC", sans-serif" style="background-color: white;"> </span><span face=""helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, "microsoft jhenghei", "PingFang TC", sans-serif" style="background-color: white;">to the extent that all </span>the
Westerners are tricky and not trustable.</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;"><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;"><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;">在西方,或因<span style="color: #38761d;">教育與生活養成背景的不一樣,兩種人才口條或外在的差異性</span>沒那麼大,但也因此,反而讓他們能選出適合的談判代表,特別注意他們對主題的了解,與思考能力。</span></b></p><p><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: medium;"><b>Because
of <span style="color: #38761d;">different life style and education background, Western people know how to present
things</span> and people since young. Many of them are extrovert and fitting for both
narrators and negotiators.</b></span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>三、 養成背景的差異:</b></span></p><p><br /></p><p>1<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>我國剛從農業社會走出來,在從前的<span style="color: #990000;">密集勞力分工體制下,只有長者、尊者能發號施令,</span>卑、弱、婦孺者不能多言,不必有權利意識,大多數人視善於談判者是「巧言令色」;西方個人主義主張需為自己權益講話,且有較為平等的發言權,自幼即被鼓勵為自己權益發言。</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>在相對保守的我國營建業,<span style="color: #990000;">業主,不論是公共或私人工程,往往是說了就算,與承攬者間少有真正的談判,</span>買方市場不怕找不到人承包的僵化思想,讓出線者不一定是最優秀的包商。</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>影響所及,包商只能希望居上位者,於執行嚴酷的監督條款時存一念之仁,很有意見卻不能提;<span style="color: #990000;">西方人則認為在權利意識下,不能同意就不會讓步(dealbreaker的觀念),</span>不提意見就是同意,。</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>這就是父權主義對個人主義 (Paternalism vs Individualism)。</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span lang="EN-US">Before recent industrialization, the production style
based on collective cultivation by big family dominated Taiwan. Culturally, <span style="color: #990000;">the
elders used to take command and have to be authoritative, while the younger had to follow.</span>
Income, despite its meagerness, were generated mainly from land and shared by
people participated in the farming. Traditionally, individual wasn’t encouraged
to say for their personal right.</span> </b></span></p><p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">The Asian construction industry has been
more hierarchical and contrct conditions one-sided among its players.</span> Usually, the sub-tier
contractors have to accept whatever the <a name="_Hlk153120251">owners or upper
tier contractor have</a> instructed. They don't appeal or complain and only hope that the owners or upper tier contractors would be fair in the contract
administration. The idea to guard one's interest through negotiation are absent not mentioning <span style="color: #990000;">the requirement to quit the busness when there is dealbreaker.</span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>2.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="color: #990000;">東方人</span>在不得不時,才會訴諸辯論或談判,且視言簡意賅,惜話如金為最高境界,希望對手莫測高深,從而<span style="color: #990000;">達成不戰而屈人之兵的談判結果;</span>相對於<span style="background-color: white; color: #990000;">重視效率、效果,以雄辯說理折服對手的西方談判準則,</span>認此過早暴露意圖,實不足取,兩者觀念完全不同。</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>西方觀念自希臘、羅馬時代,即以個人能參與、貢獻公共事務為美德與人生抱負,因此<span style="color: #990000;">視「說服」眾人同意其看法,為他們的具體成就。</span>也因此,自古他們把<span style="color: #990000;">「修辭」與「文法」、「邏輯」並列為必修三藝,</span>文化上既是如此,他們的談判代表在第一時間提出論據,認為這是個人敬業的表現,不必認為他們天真、急躁,更不能據此說他們城府不深,不懂保留。</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>東方公司間,雙方僵持,互不揭底牌,以致增添談判曠日廢時的風險;西方公司間,會比較直接,且注重效率,所以如前所說,不能假設很多討論有反覆重來的機會。</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Culturally, the Orientals would only <span style="color: #990000;">resort to the argument or negotiation to solve the matters at the last moment. </span>They value the virtue of reticence and consider agreement or contract should be <span style="color: #990000;">reduced to simplest form as language and precise wording are the whys and wherefores disputes arise.</span> </b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">Rhetoric, grammar and dialectic is the “trivium”</span> that the students shall learn since Greco-Rome era. It's a<span style="color: #990000;"> virtue and also an obligation for people to use them to convince the public in occasions that they would have opinion on topics related to societ</span>y. It's the same for the representatives assigned for negotiation that they have to infer the other party as soon as they meet. <span style="color: #990000;">Openness and directness is highly credited and not discreetness. </span></b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>But the local negotiators always consider <span style="color: #990000;">the early exposure of their own position is superfitial and naive</span>, hence not the qualified and patient negotiators. The result is that the negotiation stalls long or will be decided unilaterally by stronger as explained above. It’s contradictory to the western negotiation theory that the statement and the argument shall be clear, logic and presented as early as possible for efficiency.</b></span></p><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b> 3.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>我們的文化裡,不論是必要或虛矯,<span style="color: #990000;">儒家「何必曰利」的仁義思想,</span>遍及所有領域,所以各項討論或談判時,只要任一方提出是基於公益,對方必須認真回應。但在與一些外國人的談判,許多本土高人發現對方不為所動,痛心疾首者有之,視其為蠻夷,不可與之言者有之;而對方更以此為我方必須達成目標,談判常因此無法開始,或提前結束。</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>其實在純粹的商業談判中,當事者公開表達其自私的本性,是沒有問題的。反而國人在一定要與公益做連結,強調不為自己私利的談判態度,模糊了對方對我方談判目標的猜度,成了談判的障礙。</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>但<span style="color: #990000;">西方的商業考量,承認貪婪為文明進步的原動力,</span>會讓很多人不習慣,因而不願與他們談判。但冷靜思考,大多數情況下,國人只是在與外國人談判前,需要放個要為天下蒼生謀的起身炮而已,因此無法繼續談判,固然可惜,或許是有沒有絕對需要相關國際業務,不必遷就,才是關鍵。</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000;">Local people involved in the commercial
negotiation always start with the public interest and the other party also feel
obliged to respond for the topics</span>. It confuses the foreign business negotiators because
people will never feel guilty about their dissociation with public interest.</span> </b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;"><b>Maybe in an agrarian society, people seldom
interact with others except for public matters, so that they’d feel better if
behave as if they’re working not for self-interest. It certainly wouldn’t hurt
the negotiation process for any justified reasons, but there’d be problem that s<span style="color: #990000;">ome
of the businessman may find smearing the foreigners for not considering the
public interest should be the easiest way to take upper hand in an international
negotiation. </span><o:p></o:p></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif">It
means that the <span style="color: #990000;">western business theory recognize self-interest is the driving
force behind all commercial success, </span>even the avarice is; but the local culture
for all its bad experience with the foreigners may start from different point
and the international companies have better to understand it beforehand</span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></p></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"></blockquote><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>四、 東西方情境文化差異所造成的溝通困難,是國際談判中常遇到的,這需 要去了解、體會,並不能以成見去臆測</b></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The difference in culture context between
East and West will cause communication between the parties with problem. The
solution based on empathy and understanding has to be solicited and not the cultural
preoccupation</span><b style="color: #2b00fe;">:</b></span></div><div><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #38761d;">1. 語言用字的精確性:</span>東方高情境文化(High Context Culture) 社群成員溝通時常依賴如<span style="color: #38761d;">表情、動作、眼神、甚至沉默的形式,而非言語,來傳遞信息;</span>西方低情境文化(Low Context Culture)社群成員則傾向用<span style="color: #38761d;">較多,較精確的字彙解釋,對社群中較多不同背景的人傳遞較多的內容</span>。</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span face="Calibri, sans-serif">1.
The preciseness of language: </span><a name="_Hlk153138041" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">The </a><a name="_Hlk153141906" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">people in the </a><a name="_Hlk153140053" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">H<span style="color: #38761d;">igh Context Culture</span></a><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color: #38761d;"> society,
usually use a lot of facial expression, posture, eyesight and sometimes intended
reticence to pass the message </span>in the talks. But the </span><a name="_Hlk153141028" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">people
with <span style="color: #38761d;">Low Context Culture</span></a><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color: #38761d;"> background, tend to use words in all possible
dimensions and meaning to explain the situation</span> to the people of different civility
without assistance of body language.</span></b></span></p><p><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #38761d;">2. 溝通責任的混淆:</span>在高情境文化中,<span style="color: #38761d;">溝通信息融於情境之中,說話者不必完整而詳細地表達自己的觀點,但是對於聽話者來說,則需要根據溝通時的語境,來揣測和分析言語內部和外部的綜合信息,</span>因此,在高情境文化中聽話者所肩負的溝通責任是比較多的,他必須擁有較強的注意力與推理邏輯能力。</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #38761d;">但東方高情境文化的談判者遇到西方低情境文化背景</span>的對手,說話時,就會<span style="color: #38761d;">被嫌不夠詳細、精確;</span>他也會抱怨對方誤解,或聽不懂他要傳達訊息的真正意思;<span style="color: #38761d;">當對方以較精準的方式表達意思時,他會覺得有理解上的負擔,</span>並感到自己不被信任,從而影響談判的進程。</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>2. The responsibility to catch up true meaning in communication: <span style="color: #38761d;">If the main speaker is of High Context Culture background, he’d think the message is assisted by the expression and the listeners should interpret the context for true meaning through the recall of the circumstance </span>the words are uttered. </b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>But in <span style="color: #38761d;">exchanges between people from Low Context Society, the speakers are obliged to use words in precise mann</span>er to describe the exact state and so they have to be logically responsible for making any mistake leading to misunderstanding who's listening. </b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>But when the negotiator from the East who supposedly has high Context Culture meets the one from West Context Society, he may be grumbled as <span style="color: #38761d;">not detailed or accurate enough,</span> and vice versa. <span style="color: #38761d;">He’d consider his counterpart want to trap him using more accurate words talking to him.</span> In either way, both representatives might be frustrated for the distrust and non-confidence implied. The progress of negotiation therefore would be affected.</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #38761d;">3. 溝通效果的預後:</span>西方情境度較低的談判者會希望對手自行解決問題,同意發展有利於雙方合作的關係,<span style="color: #38761d;">但不是親密的、持久的、出於工作以外的關係,</span>如友誼。這會讓東方來自高情境的個人,感覺對方不願在持續的基礎上繼續合作,因而產生不安全感,影響談判的結果。</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>3. <span style="color: #38761d;">Prognosis for negotiation:</span> The negotiator from Low Context Culture society may expect his counterpart would be responsible to solve anything similiar t<span style="color: #38761d;">o what have been agreed in the negotiation according to the same principle because they're afraid of “revisit”.</span> But the negotiators from High Context Culture society would repeatly ask for confirmation or anything has slight difference out of feeling of insecurity which must be addressed from the begining. </b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>So, the westerners would define future association with their eastern counterpart not permanent, intimate, and personal, b<span style="color: #38761d;">ut any hint to keep liaision limited to future cooperation based on work relationship may be not auspicious to the current negotiation. </span></b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #38761d;">4. 高、低情境文化的差異,存在於社群、次團體、不同宗教信眾,或一個國 家的不同區域中,</span>如台灣的天龍國vs南部、18世紀蘇格蘭的愛丁堡vs高地氏族、工程界vs法律界。</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #38761d;">The difference in High and the Low Context
Culture exists everywhere: </span>community, sub-group, religious sects, different profession,
in distinct regions of a country (e.g. north and south part of Taiwan, Edinburg
and Highland Clans of Scotland).<o:p></o:p></b></span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>五、談判的目標、原則與準備</b></span><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>(Purpose, Principle and Plan of Negotiation)</b></span><b style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: x-large;">:</b></p><p><br /></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #38761d;">1. 談判目標的確立,</span>是談判準備階段最重要的事項,但受下列因素影響(The goal of negotiation must be established in the early preparation stage. It will involve the overview of the situation, ability to muster sufficient intelligence, and fair estimation of the other party’s probable counteraction; but it will be influenced by the various factors):</span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #990000;">1). 新出道者的實力,</span>相對於對談判主題,與爭議事項的了解,或有不足(The strength and knowledge of the representatives on the topics of the negotiation or dispute; if something goes wrong, the outcome will be disappointing)。</span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #990000;">2). 情報蒐集能力,</span>或對談判過程推演能力的不足<span style="color: #990000;">(If the ability to gather <a name="_Hlk153564526">intelligence</a></span> or the flair to sense the engagement during negotiation is limited, the party might not be lucky enough in the talks)。</span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;"><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #990000;">3). 欲保留最大彈性,並</span><span style="color: #990000;">執著於臨場反應重要性的迷思與矛盾</span><span style="color: #990000;">(The obsession to keep needless resilience in order to respond to anything that may happen during negotiation)</span>。</span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">4). 沒有擬定備案的心理準備或能力</span></b><b style="color: #990000;">(Lack of mindset or competency to draw alternate plan )</b><b><span style="color: #990000;">。</span></b></span></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #38761d;">2. 避免爭議,願意妥協的談判態度與原則(</span><span style="color: #38761d;">Willingness and readiness to settle down
the dispute to avoid prolonged negotiation)</span></b><b><span style="color: #38761d;">:</span></b></span></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #990000;"> 1). 零和vs雙贏:</span>合理分配談判雙方風險及利潤 (Zero sum vs. win-win: distribute risk and profit fairly for the parties in the course of negotiation)。</span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #990000;"> 2). 強者為弱者留餘地</span>的公平原則(The belief that the winner shall not take all shall be kept for of fairness reason )。</span></b></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #990000;"> 3). 維持未來關係(</span></b><span style="color: #990000;"><b>To keep the future relationship</b></span><b><span style="color: #990000;">)。</span></b></span></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>3. 作為國際談判的參與者,「準備」與「學習」是唯一上達的辦法(</b></span><b><span style="color: #38761d;">To be a participant of international
negotiation, the only method to achieve the intended success is to prepare and to
take lessons)</span></b><b style="color: #38761d;">:</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #990000;">1). </span>了解談判<span style="color: #990000;">有多少時間,發言的機會?</span>短促或長時間、多次的談判?與對方代表的互動機會(To know entitled time and chance to speak: brief or extensive, infrequent or repeat, possibility to interact with the counterpart)?</span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #990000;">2). 誠實面對自己的弱勢:</span>語言、理解能力、內部支持的不足(Sincere to face own weak points: language, comprehensiveness, inadequate support from within the delegates or the company)。</span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #990000;">3). 個人的改造:</span>意志力的鍛鍊、勝負心的提升、涉外能力及相關知識的加強(Reconstruct oneself: invigorate the combat spirit, forge the will to win, develop the inter-cultural knowledge and get involved in the foreign business practice)。</span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #990000;">4). 匯集共識;確認授權</span>(Muster consensus within own party including getting the boss involved before negotiation)。</span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">六、台灣廠商在國際工程談判常遇到的問題:</span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #38761d;">1. 組織分工不夠嚴密,代表談判者權威不夠(</span></b><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>The problems frequently face Taiwanese contractors in the international negotiation</b></span><b><span style="color: #38761d;">):</span></b></span></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #990000;"> 1). 有許多部門不直接參與談判,工作上的分工竟以對內、涉外為界線;</span>各自運作,跨部門間合作名有實無。</span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"> Many departments in the organization don’t participate in the negotiation; The line of work division is cut according to their ability to do the business domestically or for overseas. The real cooperation doesn’t exist crossing the department.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"> <span style="color: #990000;">2). 負責談判者</span>雖以專案為名,但<span style="color: #990000;">無專案指揮權力</span>,實質上受其他部門節制。</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;"><b>The representatives sent for the
negotiation are not entrusted or empowered to make decisions on the table. It’s
also something to d with the companies are not scaled, talents won't be recruited. Some of the departments can say no for the talks.<o:p></o:p></b></span></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #990000;"> 3). </span>不深入細節的大老闆<span style="color: #990000;">越級、隨興指揮,</span>負責談判者,難有發揮空間。</span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;">The bosses who grip the power but not the details are intruding, thus confused the negotiators pushed to the front line.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"> 4). 由中小型公司過渡而來的<span style="color: #990000;">用人簡約、專業不足</span>等分工習慣,談判代表一人須面對合約、專業、商務、品管、設計等多項專業,備多力散,常生破綻。</span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;">The work division in the small enterprise are terse and unprofessional, the negotiator needs to face every specialty and receive insufficient back up.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #38761d;">2. </span> 台灣<span style="color: #38761d;">公司經營規模不大,</span>各項<span style="color: #38761d;">商業行為必須以鬆散結盟式合作進行,依賴外部資源</span>的結果,遇變化,反應不及;遑論利害關係時刻變化者須取得一致決。</span></b></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>In Taiwa, the companies are not big and tight knitted, and they have to form loose cooperation or alliance to quote for big project. Consensus collection </b><b>takes time and instaneous decision as required by short </b><b>negotiation can't be made. So, when the commercial situation volatile in modern days, the industry needs to morph.</b></span></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #38761d;">3. 組織文化不鼓勵說實話,</span>內部談判準備會議,慷慨陳詞,報喜不報憂,誤 導決策者,反使實際談判者在前線無妥協、應變空間,最後形勢翻轉,反而被迫做出不必要讓步。</span></b></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>The company culture doesn’t encourage the truth telling and internal meeting only accept the complimentary </b><b>opinions </b><b>misguiding the decision maker for negotiation goal and strategy. The negotiators may have hard time and ultimately hurt the company.</b></span></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #38761d;">4. </span> 把<span style="color: #38761d;">個人利害與內部政治算計投注於對外談判,</span>錯失避免犯錯機會,「在家一條龍,出外一條蟲」。</span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;">The negotiaton participant may bet for his personal gains or plans so as to invite mistakes because of subjectivity; particularly for those only daring to blame the colleagues or subordinates for failure.</span></b></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>七、 東、西方工程談判中可能遇到的特別問題(</b></span><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>The hard problems usually face the
negotiators from the East facing the West</b></span><b style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: x-large;">):</b></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #38761d;">1. </span>能否<span style="color: #38761d;">消除</span>那無所不在,壞事萬千的<span style="color: #38761d;">優越感</span>:如在議事程序、發言時間、歸納總結上作不公平之安排;或站在知識、道德制高點作訓示性,無助解決問題之談話。</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;"><b>Feeling of superiority could be omnipresent
in the course of international negotiation, and has to be decimated: it’s
appeared in the arrangement of agenda, restraint on the speech, conclusion
making and minutes recording to hurt the local party. Some of the self-regarded wise men attend the
meeting may try lecturing their counterpart as if they’re standing on high
moral ground.<o:p></o:p></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #38761d;">2. 語言或態度上之欺侮:</span>東方人通常拙於表達,且怯於說「no」,故有些西方對手在談判中會以威嚇性之口頭或身體語言,壓制對方,此不是不會發生,對之應有心理準備。</b></span></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;">The Asians are usually timid to present themselves and hard to say “no”; some of the wicked Westerners may use the mentality to bluff opponents with aggressive verval or body language. The absurdity may happen and the people have to learn the tricks.</span></b></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #38761d;">3. 成見:</span>西方廠商對東方廠商常依其國別、民族、行業之刻板印象,事先就各項議題設定不實際或不平等之結論;東方廠商亦有如前所說不願直接表態之情形。其結果是議事遲滯不前,談判不能成功。</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;"><b>Prejudice: The negotiators may preoccupied with their opponents’ nationality, ethnicity or occupation especially when Westerners meet the Orientals. The result may hurt the
progress and quality of the negotiation. <o:p></o:p></b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #38761d;">4. 公司規模:</span>某些西方大公司談判代表常以其公司之相對大規模,或複雜之分工及決策過程,作為理由,要求談判對手在特定事項讓步,或作不對等之安排。常見的有標準協定、制式協定(template)</b></span></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Sometimes size does matter and negotiators sent by western conglomerate will ask their counterpart to render concession not in line with theprinciple of reciprocity. Typically, they will use the excuse that a big rganization requires unique procedure in decision making. It's not unusual we see their intention to impose standard agreement to force the smaller company to accept. Actualy, the clauses in the template could be one sided and need ig correction.</span></b></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #38761d;">5. 書面紀錄:</span>東方公司運用蟹行文字能力較低,且派遣談判代表相對少數,故西方公司常有在短時間要求對手確認大量文件、會議記錄或臨時協議,製造出對其相對有利之談判條件。</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>The language for agreement and communication as it evolves are starting from the West, and therefore forcing the less concise Asian negotiators to make hasten decisions to endorse or recognize the authenticity of bulk volume of document in short time. </b></span></p><div><br /></div><p><br /></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;">八、 談判代表如何在國際工程談判中擺脫傳統、習慣、建制、成見、心理障礙加給自己的束縛(</span></b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>How the negotiators get free from the restraint of tradition, custom, establishment, prejudice and phycological barrier in the course of international negotiation</b></span><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;">):</span></b></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #38761d;">1. 勇於介紹自己:</span>克服文化下溫良恭讓的約束,在最短的時間讓對方認識自己,認識公司,以避免雙方在即將開始的實質談判,反覆的猜測、試探對方到底是誰,代表的公司是什麼樣的公司。</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Don’t be hesitate to sell oneself: The cultural restraint imposed on the Asian people that one should be docile, reverent and submissive shall be disregarded. Instead of that, introduce yourself and company in brief time to whom you meet in the discussion. It’ll save the mutual guess and probe for the authorization, capability and </b><b>intention of the person and company </b><b>in the course of negotiation.</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #38761d;">2. 主動的原則:</span>從提問題、插話、要資料、說「no」,到設規矩、訂日期、點菜、敬酒、說笑話,都可以有意見。,西方人對具雍容大度(magnificence)的對手,無論其年齡、國籍、公司規模、合約地位,比較不會作無謂的挑戰。</b></span></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Engagement in a proactive way: Daring to ask, interruptive, request, say no, set the dates for meetings, draw up the rules, order dishes, propose toast or initiate the jokes.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #38761d;">3. 融入對方的文化,</span>做一個好的東道主與好客人;但保持最後一點距離,不要超過臨界點,百分之百的相似,你就只是該國的台裔國民,合作的效果反而不好了。</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;"><b>Try to blend into the culture of your
counterpart as a good host or guest; to the point for your own identity as Taiwanese.<o:p></o:p></b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #38761d;">4. 知識就是權力:</span>謙虛不是美德,在交朋友的觀點看來,自信甚或驕傲,或會讓對方討厭,但在談判中,尤其是時間短促之談判,卻能讓對手對你印象深刻,認為你有知識、有權力,值得和你打交道。</b></span></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Knowledge is power: humbleness isn’t virtue in the commercial world, showing pride or confidence wouldn't do any good for friends making . But a brief engagement will convince your counterpart that you’re the one to deal with knowing your ability and authorization.</span></b></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #38761d;">5. 彼強自保,不得貪勝:</span>在絕對的劣勢下,提醒對方,全拿者要付出不成比例的代價;在絕對的優勢下,提醒自己要給對方一個出路。</b></span></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Seeking to survive shall be the only choice when your counterpart is mighty and rugged. The same logic: voracity would only add up winning cost every time when you push the underdog for their desperate bite.</span></b></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #38761d;">6. 動須相應,慎勿輕速:</span>語言的委婉(euphemism)與堅持(assertive)的態度互為 表裡,反之亦然。當然,要持續加諸對方這樣的壓力,語言與表達能力要經得起考驗。輕薄快語,不只是性格,而是程度不足的表現。</b></span></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;">There must be coordination for your moves and actions; don't show carelessness and haste in the negotiation. Therefore, euphemism and assertiveness shall be alternated to press the rival in adequate wording and attitude.</span></b></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #38761d;">7. 分段說服(incremental persuasion):</span>人無論聖賢愚昧,對全然陌生觀念無法一次接受,中外皆然。在國際談判中,如果發現對方對某事權物概念或有錯誤之想像,直接想說服他,反而引起對方的猜忌,使用轉折、分段、多次的說明,是唯一的辦法。</b></span></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Incremental Persuasion: Despite their wisdom and cultivation, people will have difficulty to accept something completely strange to them in short time. Try not to be so drastical, and your counterpart may have liberty and time to consider tour idea.</span></b></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #38761d;">8. 惡聲至,必反之(reactive):</span>面對西方人,在氣勢上不得輕怯,但亦不可 成僵局。鬥而不破,保持關係,是談判最應注意的地方。</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Where there is tirade, there should be reaction to counter the supremacy intended by the western party. However, deal breaking shall be prevented.</b></span></p><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span><br /></div></div>mtkaoforum3131.blogspot.tw/http://www.blogger.com/profile/01353164324501698355noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2576271459816084234.post-83982521954250021482023-05-18T11:49:00.001+08:002023-06-01T14:40:46.425+08:00<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">Part
7</span><span lang="EN-US">, Advanced Civil Construction</span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><span face="新細明體, serif"><b>台科大高等土木施工學教材</b></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><b>(2023) </b></span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">MT KAO (Blog:
http://mtkaoforum31.blogspot.tw/)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">(<a href="mailto:mtkaoforum31@gmail.com">mtkaoforum31@gmail.com</a>)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #674ea7; font-size: large;"><b>2) Machine:</b></span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: medium;">(1) Prototype, bespoke; portable, fixed:</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>a.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Machine,
prototype<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>People in construction industry need to
know machine, plant and equipment for their manipulation, size, cost,
productivity and required logistic. <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>The general contractors used to own
machines, in the days they're expensive related to human cost and company asset.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>When a country starts to build
infrastructures, they need to move earth, lift heavy weight, paving concrete
and asphalt, and deal with confronting water or other inaccessible. <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>There're machines typical to do these jobs
and we call them the prototypes: bulldozers, cranes, graders, trucks, mixing
plants, paving machines, compactors, work boats, etc.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>Training of operators and workers are
quicker and more economical these days as computerized simulation being introduced
for training and the machines become simple in their build-up, maintenance and
repair. <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>The repeating usages of machines is attainable
in fledging economies, also the capital to buy them is comparatively less than
before; thus the delivery of infrastructures will be more efficient.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>b.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Machine,
bespoke<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>As countries proceed to build
infrastructures projects of more sophisticated nature, the machines and the
method employed may need special design and fabrication, we called the order
and the makes bespoken. The usages are limited unless market is big and structures
of similar dimensions are designed and built successively. <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>The bespoken construction plants, either
will be maneuvered and launched by the people, such as advance shoring for
bridge superstructure; or will be forwarding automatically as boring machines
for the tunnel. It is something that a civil or mechanic engineer can conceptualize,
design and assemble. <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>It must be noted that when the bespoken
construction plant finishes its job, normally it has to be scrapped because
difficult in storage, maintain finding similar project for reuse.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">c.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Machine,
portable and fixed type, mobilization and assembling cost<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">Most of machines can be transported to construction
sites, either by self-driving or mounting on trailer for distance, we call them
portable, such as dump trucks, excavators, dozers, loaders, etc. For mixing
plants, TBM, tower crane, or machines too big for transportation, they're
divided in parts or compartments, and then hauled to the site for erection; we
call them fixed type of machine.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">Engineers must take into consideration the
cost and time required to mobilize, install and demobilize construction
machine. Sometimes in the remote or hazardous places disembarkation and the
installation of plants and equipment can be difficult, slow and costly that the
engineers have to work out the solution. <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">There is also possibility that the damages will
incur to the parts or entire plants during transportation and assembly. Effective
protection will take time and cost; commercially insurance policy shall be
bought accordingly.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">Also, people need to know the value of
certain fixed plants decimated very much in single usage, and the remaining
value after one project could be only the material cost after dissection.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">Even the plant is designed and made strong
for reuse, the bulk volume to store and its maintenance requirement during long
wait will force the owner to scrape it. <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">施工機具或設備主要有定型與訂製兩種,前者如挖土機、吊車或打樁機等,各有性能適應範圍,買者可依需求購置;後者如隧道鑽掘機,橋梁架設設備等,需依預定完成構造物尺寸、性質、周邊情況與操作安全性等,特別設計製造,非現貨供應。施工機具有運到工地馬上可以使用,或需在現地安裝、試車,移動與拆遷,等兩大類。工程師擬訂計畫或投標時,需考慮動、復員時間與成本;因機具租賃或外包普遍,故此部分被認為含於租金或外包單價,常被忽略。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a name="_Hlk104121629"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: medium;"><b>(2) Operation,
maintenance and repair.</b></span><o:p></o:p></span></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk104121629;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk104121629;"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">a.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Owning Cost: Depreciation, Interest,
Productivity<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk104121629;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk104121629;"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">In
the days when the value of machine and spare parts far exceeded cost of people
serving them: operators and crew for maintenance and repair. Only big companies
would buy machines as main asset and source of revenue. <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></span></p>
<b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk104121629;"></span>
</span></b><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">For two reasons the machine ownership had
to be overtaken by specialty companies: <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">i). Facing human cost rising, and labor and
safety laws fastidious and draconian, only companies able to concentrate effort
to manage problems related to operation, maintenance and repair are in a
position to handle the machines. <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">ii). Companies owning big fleet of machine
wouldn’t have chances to share costs with other companies as each general
contractor compete to get the business.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">The machine owning cost, in general, shall
be calculated as buying price plus interest payment over the machine's service
life and thus obtain the so called flat depreciation cost.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">The other is weighted depreciation method,
perceiving that the first 2 or 3 years the machine will have high productivity
and put the depreciation cost higher in such period. <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">However, the taxation offices have power to
decide the amount permitted for depreciation for each year for different
equipment. It affects how the owners should have decided, to charge their
equipment.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">Interest payment can be considered for each
company in total, and outside machine cost calculation.</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">持有機具所需購置費用,其將產生利息等費用。不論機具是否使用,其即有折舊成本,依機具性質或政策考量,其可採平均與加速方式,計算折舊成本。政府稅務單位亦有其折舊年限規定。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>b.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Maintenance
and Repair Cost<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>Machines need operators to move them, the
owners must pay the operators hourly wage and overtime. In addition, machines
also need daily, or periodical maintenance; the related cost are the wages of
the workers responsible for maintenance and amounts covering for consumable,
lubricant and tool. <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>Repair cost in general is low when machine
is new, but it will be accelerated when machine's condition become less fair in
the later part of work life. The elements of repair cost consist of two parts:
labor, and the other as spare parts. <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>In developed economy, the repair cost shall
be between 100% and 200% of the initial cost according to statistic, depending
on different equipment. In order to save labor cost, they’d identify the failed
compartment and change accordingly; and in developing countries, the repair
workers have to examine the parts more thoroughly and only change the damaged
parts as few as possible. <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>Also, in <a name="_Hlk134279809">places</a>
where machine price is high compared to human cost, the wage of operator can be
4-5 times of that of manual labor and output of machines will be higher than
what can be achieved in advanced economy. Because when machines are relatively
expensive, the owners won’t care to pay high wage to the operator as it’s now a
small fraction of the revenues from higher productivity.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>Right or wrong, the repair workers and
operators for construction machines in the developing economies may be more
dexterous than their counterparts in developed economies. </b></span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">維修成本最重要為零件與人工。工資較貴經濟體,詳細檢查耗時耗費,零件採用整組換掉方式。開發中國家工資相對機具成本低,給工人薪資可以較高,以要求機具產出效率。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: medium;">(3) Rental and owning.</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>Started from 70's last century, general
contractors ceased to own construction machine and the reasons are: i) investment
was big to buy equipment; ii) business opportunity was uncertain over long
period; iii) difficulties to handle labor relationship with operators,
maintenance and repair workers under the labor law; iv) judgement over
replacement or repair of major parts requires specialty knowledge.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>It is proven that the general contractors
have no way to replace the small entrepreneur for construction machine owning as
operation/ maintenance/repair is concerned. <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>Nowadays in Taiwan where the sense of
entrepreneur is high, the equipment rental rates can be as high as buying price
of a plant returned in 2 years.</b></span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">分工專業化結果,大公司不再持有機具,甚至大型設備。向租賃公司租用或工作外包,成為解決之道。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: medium;">(4) Construction method and machine
selected.</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>a.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Selection
of Work Method and Construction Machines.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>Designing an efficient construction method
is key to successful deliver of infrastructure works: right construction
sequence, get through most critical part of work, minimize undue outside
interference, and avoid hazardous incident from happening shall be considered
when the plan is drawn. <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>Engineers may have wide range to select
machines for the construction projects; however, it will be influenced by the
market availability for machine itself and operators. For example, in Taiwan,
excavators are everywhere but dozers and loaders not frequently to see as in
the cases of North America. <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>The reasons could be incidental because the
people first introduce them to Taiwan just did it inadvertently and others just
follow suit. This plus the fact that the local operators can be dexterous to
maneuver the machines over the narrow and congested sites explaining fully that
the back-hoes are popular in Taiwan.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>Number of machine available for rental would
draw down the cost thus affecting the user’s choices. Tower crane rental is an
example. Because the buildings are now taller and mobile crane as substitute is
restrained for occupying too much of the side walk, so the use of tower crane
is required. A virtuous cycle is induced proving that the constructor’s
practice can be changed for economic reasons.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>In Taiwan, when the officials establish
budget and draft contract for projects, they need to specify the types and the
modes of machine to justify rates and sums. It’s a rationalized process but
sometimes inflexible bureaucrat and supervisors will call for the usage of the
same equipment appeared in the price breakdown; consequently, causing troubles.
<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>Traditional “build according to the
drawing” contracting could be excessive if everything shall be interpreted with
“according”. The system has to be liberalized so as not to choke the
constructor for their flexibility to select right and inexpensive machines. It
also a proof that that the introduction of DB or EPC is necessary.</b></span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">施工方法與設備選擇關係工程成敗,工地與工作特性應考量,市場情形與業主認知亦是關鍵。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>b.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Machine
and Manual Labor</b></span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">In countries like India, machines face
strong competition from man and vice versa. For example, bulldozers and earth
moving machine has to be levied with high tariff and surcharges, so that men
and their assistant working with spades and dustpan will have chances to
outperform mechanized construction.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">When we say the civil engineering, and
construction is local, choice between man and machine is apparent, because machine
absolutely is foreign. When the economy is still under development like India,
augment of local employment shall be considered first.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">Back to the India construction market, the
wages paid to the machine operators won’t be significant compare to the revenue
generated by extra output brought by the operator’s better performance. Thus,
the wages of operators can be 5 times of the common labors in developing
economies.</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">經濟型態不一樣,人與機具亦有競爭;機具作業手、保養工相對於非技術工在較後進經濟中給付會較高,但對機械之生產力要求亦會較高。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">c.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Cost
factors in Prototype and Bespoken Machines<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">There is situation that prototype machines
will not meet construction requirement, the bespoken one will be the solution. For
example, when spatial dimensions are particular, physical obstruction needs to
be overcome, , or automation required to speed up construction. <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">But engineers need to know: i). Lead time
to design and build the plant is long; they’re not available at once like
ordinary plants on the market. Ii). When one part goes down, entire system will
idle or fail unless there is spare. iii). Though people will try to re-use it
for next project but the chance is slim. iv). The whole value of the bespoken
plant can be high and when it scraps after one project, the depreciation
allowed can hardly be claimed. V). Turnkey contracts become popular these days;
the contractors will have chances to design structures d fit into owned
bespoken plant.</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">設計與建造非制式施工設備時間長,工程師應估算。施工機具系統中一部分或某單獨設備故障,整體完全無產出,故需考慮備用。變數太多,非制式施工設備於次一工程在使用機會不大。也因此非制式施工設備之殘值,承商不能考慮太多。但統包式契約投標時,承包商即可考慮將所有非制式施工設備用於工程施工。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #674ea7; font-size: large;"><b>3)
Material</b></span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: medium;">(1) Local and Conventional Material shall
be chosen for Construction.</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">a.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Transportation
Cost and Locally Available Material <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">Material for construction is bulky and
transportation cost is high, so they have to be obtained from local for maximum
extent as quality and property meet the project requirement and not differ much
from the outside world. <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">In fact, the overwhelmed material
requirement of a gigantic project may sometimes tilt the supply/demand balance
drastically in an isolated area. Investment in term of time and money shall be
considered before projects start to assure quality and punctual completion.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">Still, material prices can be fluctuated
from time to time either in the case of limited supply, such as aggregate and
sand, or as a result of global boom like steel and rebar. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">It can be a disaster to a contractor who
doesn’t know how much risk he’s taking in obtaining the construction material
for the project he’s bidding. Normally, the contractor staying long in the
market will understand that the probability and magnitude of price fluctuation
are high; and only the so-called escalation clauses in the contract can offer
minimum protection. Or the tenderers must mark up their bid price. <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">Traditional construction method and
material can be available and inexpensive for bulk construction, evidenced by
several hundred years of using history. Also as described above, the projects
are there for economic development so that the employment of local artisans and
labors shall be considered since the design stage.</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">營建廠商需儘量考慮使用本土常使用材料,設計者自開立規範開始,建造商於購買使用即應注意及此。習慣、文化、可得,以及龐大運輸成本都是使用本土材料之有利因素。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>b. Continuous
Evolution for Material used in Construction<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>In old days, human's weight lifting
capacity was limited, long distance hauling capability also prohibitively
expensive and could only go through waterway. People had to use small and light
material from local, like timer, brick and mortars for buildings and structures
in most of the cases. <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>Granite and basalt were used in part of
Europe especially for churches, castles or monumental structures. Wooden
structure was erected in Asia for aristocrats and land lord, but the timber
size reduced as a result of deforestation. <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>In general, the masses had to live in hut
and dens for which they built with any material they could pick up from nearby
area. <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>Discovery and use of steel in civil
engineering works change the world. They replace traditional construction
material resulting in great saving of cost and time. Steel in the form of
rebar, sections and strains give buildings and structure new dimensions and
spatial aesthetics. <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>People still think of innovation for
construction material better than steel, such as fiber glass or high strength
concrete, commercially one day it would be popular as steel used today.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">文明進步讓建材來源更加廣泛,不惟建材本身強度、品質提高,其製造及用於施工之方法與設備,乃至構造物需求標準之提高,都讓人類更有選擇。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">c.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Green
Construction<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">Nowadays, carbon reduction is an issue, the
material used in the projects shall be considered climate friendly, and
engineers need green knowledge to incorporate construction material made from
renewable, waste, or need less processing.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">Commercial scheming would be different when
the work requirement changes and regulations are revised or the new laws introduced.</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">減碳及綠色施工要求,亦將造成營建產業之變革。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: medium;">(2).<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Material
and Equipment incorporated into Permanent Project</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">a.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Project
More Sophisticated <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">As economy advances in a country, the
construction work won't be simple structural work again; many systems and
equipment will be installed in addition to steel and concrete. So, procurement
will be more complicated than simply clearing the composition, dimension and
strength of construction material. <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">When proper delivery of system and
equipment, and their installation, operation and maintenance, is desired; prior
check and mutual commitment shall be made with reliable makers or specialty
contractors even before the contract is awarded. <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">An experienced <a name="_Hlk134357595">general
contractor</a> knowing the risk implied in the contract signed with ever
demanding client will seek teammates working in different field to discharge the
huge responsibility for successful delivery. <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">Type of cooperation may include consortium,
main and sub-tier contractual relationship, or various form of partnership
suitable in each case since before the tender. <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">Between general contractor and system
specialty contractor has to be in line with market practice for cooperation; and
their undertakings must be complementary at least technically.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>b.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nominated
Subcontractor<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>In practice the owner may actually
designate the maker of the system and equipment based on confidence and trust
the brand bearers have exhibited. After award, the winning main contractor has
to sign the sub or supply contract with the specified makers to overtake the deliver
responsibility for their part. <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>Scope of the subcontract works undertaken
by those nominated shall cover the risks begin with engineering, making,
shipment, installation, commissioning, test run and operation with main
contractor responsible for the interface coordination, progress control, and
quality supervision. <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>Normally, in addition to contingency
provision the cost shall include persons assigned for coordination and
communication; plus fixed percentage on top of nominated subcontract price for bank
guarantees, insurance premium, financial and legal expense.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>In other words, the contractor imposed with
<a name="_Hlk134390017">nominated subcontract</a> work has to share whatever
may have gone wrong for the nominated subcontractor under him unless it can
prove that the fault is on the Owner’s side since selection of nominated
subcontractor.</b></span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #674ea7; font-size: large;"><b>4)
Money</b></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span>c. O<a name="_Hlk134388551">wner Furnished Material</a></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">At times of high inflation, market instability or when owners believe by directly go into supply contracts with the manufacturers or vendors for certain material like aggregate, steel or tiles, they’re in better position to implement the projects. Under the arrangement the contractors will accept money as the handling charge not as much compared to the percent of overhead in the case that they are requested to administer the nominated sub-contract.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">In the case of Owner Furnished Material the handing charge is paid supposed to cover the cost that the contractor receiving, storing and keeping properly the material furnished by the owner; and not to cover the overhead and provision needed to complete the contractor’s responsibility according to the contractual conditions as explained above.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">But there will be bureaucrats, design consultant, and financing people during budget establishment, reject the idea that the contractors need overhead to handle the nominated subcontract or the handling charge for Owner Furnished Material.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">They consider the frontage contractor won't add substantially anything and following up the delivery making everything good and in order is their obligation.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">The denying of invisible cost stemmed from the days the economic output mainly counted on agriculture and manufacturing (Physiocracy). The ignorance causes big problem in pushing the works forward; and a further proof that the construction works sometimes need cultural and conceptual fix.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face="新細明體, serif">因工程大型化,複雜化,尤其運轉、維修之數位化、自動化使永久性設備及材料不再限於傳統營建商面對之鋼筋、水泥,業主與設計者常需於施工標開始之前即要決定供應重要建材或各種子系統之廠商,與他們談好價錢與重要契約條件,於承商得標後轉到主契約下,要求主包商負管理、協調責任。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(1)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></b><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: medium;">Payment: cash, in kinds or
goods (barter), deferred (BT), franchise revenue (BOT, PFI).</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">Because the construction contracts are with
big money; public or private owners will choose forms of payment according to
their financial conditions. <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">The ways of payment include cash, kinds or
goods (barter), deferred payment after completion and transfer to the owner
(BT), or through franchise revenue (BOT, PFI).<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">The contractor must evaluate its own
ability to accept the form of payment, for example, when he would have accepted
the payment in crude oil over long period, he has to consider oil price
fluctuation for long term or bear the cost and the remaining risk to buy the
futures.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">The reliability of the owners, government
or private companies must be taken into account.</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">契約付款最為重要,除傳統付款方式,有以物易物、遲延付款、特許權等方式。承商需注意自己能力,並了解業主信用。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: medium;">(2) Standard international contracts to
regulate: <a name="_Hlk131943633">FIDIC</a>, NEC3 (New Engineering Contract3),
AIA(American Institute of Architects), JCT forms of Contract(Joint Contract
Tribunal)...etc.</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">It's not enough that the contractor will
get the owner's pledge to pay him. It depends on the contract conditions through
which the contractors get paid. <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">Normally we'd have type of contracts such
as: FIDIC, NEC3(New Engineering Contract3, used for civil works in UK.,
Australia, New Zealand and Hong Kong, the language of it is simpler and the
signing parties are said to be more equal), AIA(American Institute of
Architects, form of contract popular in USA.), <a name="_Hlk104055282">JCT</a>
forms of Contract(Joint Contract Tribunal, for architectural works in
UK.)...etc.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">As projects are different for each other,
the contracts need to be modified to fit the situation; they will be reflected
in so called Special Application (or Conditions) and leave the General
Application (or Conditions) unscratched. <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">Whatever slight difference in Special
Application will result in big departure in reality so that the contractor
needs to read carefully even the author of standard contract or the Owner would
have claimed they're the friendliest contract terms.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">According to the payment conditions, the
contract can be divided in forms like the conventional Rates and Quantity, Lump
Sum, Guaranteed Maximum Price, Alliance, Cost and Cost Based, etc.</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">契約形式甚多,在台灣有政府範本;國際人士許多引用</span><span lang="EN-US">FIDIC,</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,英國協土木工程多採用</span><span lang="EN-US">NEC3</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,建築則有</span><span lang="EN-US">JCT</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">範本,美國人則用建築學會之</span><span lang="EN-US">AIA</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。另依付款形式則有</span><span lang="EN-US">Rates and Quantity, Lump Sum, Guaranteed Maximum Price, Alliance,
Cost and Cost Based</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">等。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: medium;"><b>(3) Non-technical People to Control Money.</b></span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">Compared to the old days now that big
component of contractual money pays for intangible part of the project in the
name to protect every party involved. The added value including the cost to
acquire money, assure the delivery of the works, O&M of the project and
even to the extent to guarantee the products or the purposed functioning of the
project will be welcome by the customers. Thus, the added values are created.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">But it is true that engineers are not
playing the dominating roles in construction business because the invention as
said is from improvement of technology, business skill, capital fluidity, that
financial, legal and management people intrude and colonize uncompromisingly.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">Though money is everywhere (QE?), but they’re
dear. It takes so-called experts to invent ideas to attract the capital, they
provide guarantees, mitigations and assurance to fascinate investors.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">It is the trend, lots of the construction
projects are controlled by hordes of non-technical people who can tease the
investors. <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">For example, the government has plain
financial resource for construction project and spent almost exclusively for
construction related items last century. But now, big chunk of money will be
paid as financial cost for BOT and/or PMI as people argue private fund is
useful to create more public works for the benefit of the people.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">A decent part of money will go to the so
called independent third parties for their certificates, report and affidavits
at non bargain-able cost (handled by the non-technical people) to ratify the
security of capital while the construction hands need to compete each other.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">Engineers must realize, somehow, they’re
now playing secondary role in the construction project; but because of it they
could concentrate in technical matters and become a better manager than people
of other disciplines invading the profession. <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">面對變化層出不窮的契約形式,工程師必須承認非工程專業人員在契約與務款方面已多少取得主導權,以往只花在工程的款項必須支付財務、法律與商業人士,以保護業主為名所花的種種費用。他們必須有信心,且自覺工程成本也只有工程專業人士才能做好,才能重拾主導地位。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #674ea7; font-size: large;"><b>5) Market
</b></span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: medium;">(1).<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Contractors
of Lemming Mentality</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">As it's said above, there're 2,800 strong
Class "A" contractors in Taiwan to apportion a small market; the
threshold to go into the construction market isn't high as capital (relatively
low to the contract amount) is concerned. When they get contracts, the
contractors will find many sub-tier contractors more than eager to share risks.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">The running cost for a Class "A"
contractor is low in Taiwan, the expense will be fee paid to the registered PE,
a tiny office, plus a clerk to answer the bell. When the bosses cannot get
business, pay such the low cost for "hibernation", will allow them hanging
on for long.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">The sleeping contractors will wake up when
they get contracts and then to recruit managers and engineers to activate the
company. Taiwanese people aren’t against shoot and off employment as most of
them like to stay in the area like big city or home town. <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">So, the majority of the contractors are
"entrepreneur" type. They're competitive and spiral down ward the
awarding price. The practice is not possible to nurture big contractors with
know-hows and experience in the market.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">But once it is provoked by market turmoil destined
to happen every few years, such as sudden sabotage of dump trucks of 1990
(resulted in soil haulage hike and aggregate short supply), or sharp escalation
of steel price in 2006, the contractors wouldn’t have sufficient contingency provision
will go for broke. The number culled will be significant but it will rise again
if there is market re-juvenescence.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">The process repeats again and again; the
contractors go up and down riding on the changing tides. The ones with bad luck
will capsize, but too many of them survive. One moment, the contractors' number
will be swelling like lemmings grow to incredible amount in short spring time;
the other moment the nature will drive some of them jumping the cliff and the
rest follow subconsciously. <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">The market is still there for another
cycle; but the professionals wouldn't have chance to lead the trend while
public has to bear most of the cost that speculators should have to pay.</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">台灣營建業者,數目太多,都以中小企業心態經營,無風險概念,進出市場容易。非專業但樂意投機者能夠生存對注重品質,科班出身之工程師與工程品質是威脅。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: medium;">(2) Type of Bid Competition and Evaluation:
Lowest Bid, Evaluated Lowest Bid, Value for Money.</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">The problem of construction industry in
Taiwan is over competition. Lowest bid is blamed because under the bureaucratic
system the budgets were considered to be right and <a name="_Hlk104038475">served
as bench mark </a>for the contractors. The winning price was considered as true
market cost or the<a name="_Hlk104038544"> officials follow</a> them shall be
subject to official chastisement. <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">Automatically, people, the budget builders
or the tenderers will consider it as a bench mark for similar tenders. Vicious
cycle begins and the awarded prices have to wait for another episode close to
force majeure for correction; of course, it's always late.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">Evaluated lowest bid is taken with the hope
that the best contractor and their offer can be selected as the champion to win
the tender; however, the selected may not be the most outstanding one, and the
judges' supposed imparity is often challenged. <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">Authorities had sometimes to amend the
criteria with the aim that it must be more fitful for particular tender but
more susceptible to criticism. So, the evaluated lowest bid system stopped at
2007 in Taiwan, and BOT and PMI also suspended. The lowest bid tendering system
prevailed for the next decade.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">It is true that in recent years the
contractors don't make money. They kept tendering and performed the contracts
only to sustain the company. They couldn’t afford to pay senior engineers
because of the poor overhead earned; the result is the loss of expertise.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">There will be limit to which the
contractors take the construction contracts because they can’t make profit
after all. The result is tenders "aborted" or the execution in chaos.
So, the evaluated lowest bid is coming back. There’s possibility and also a
reasonable hope that the authority may get lessons from flaws happened in the
past.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">The criteria to select the best tenderer
for the tender shall be rationalized, especially that the persons to be
assigned as "judges“, shall be men of integrity.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">Current tendering rules propping the idea
for EPC will nurture bigger and more public construction companies instead of
the small entrepreneurs who always cut corners of the fair competition is said
to be the solution to correct the market for persistent fragmentation. <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">It could be a well wish and hind sight, but
seeing the implementation of FCPA (of the US) and similar laws of various
states, the big and public companies can be supervised more thoroughly in the
entire process. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">The final goal for government spending
shall be "Value for Money", in which, the project completed will
worth money spent. It’s idealistic but we suppose the introduction of more
liberal ideas, moderate as it may be, will bring in the progress.</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">競標評審,由最低標轉為最有利標,最終目標應為「物超所值」,如此市場才能進步、正常。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: medium;">(3) Elements of Competition.</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">A market considered normal will be the one
that the consumer is most important. For public works the government is single
biggest buyer, he can draw the lines to select the contractors based on their apparent
capability, past experience and planned execution plan for the tendered project.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">It means the government can define a clear
and objective criterion for elements such as price, technical approaches, time
of completion, safety record, experience in similar works, existing work
loading, managerial and technical resource in hands, records of contract
disputes (with owners) …etc.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">For international tenders, the owners
usually will analyze and evaluate the tenders according to the criteria
established objectively. The scores and the tabulation can then be submitted to
higher ranking people, maybe people with reputation for review. <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">The process will avoid complain that the
judgement in supporting contract award is made subjectively so as to prevent
the outside criticism and interference. <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">It's true that during the selection of the winning
contractor, the authority and invited judges have to "play god" to weed
up the weaker or the unfit, and the result maybe that the selected aren’t the
perfect ones because many factors are involved during tender and later execution.
And in Taiwan, public and the industry may not be patient and easily to find
someone as scapegoat. <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">However, the rules shall be respected and
endured for some time to see what if it will change the construction industry players
and whether or not that the professionals will be allowed to lead the ring.</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">承包商有不同能力、履歷、對招標工程更應有最佳執行計畫;故除價格外,招標者應確實審核承商投標文件中所提供之工法規畫、過去完工時程、安衛紀錄、經驗、在建工程、現有技術及管理人才等資料。一般國際標審核,機關或其委託工作團隊,必將就投標廠商提供文件所顯示,根據前面所訂標準評分,再送高階或禮聘有名望人士複核,與台灣目前逕請評審委員評審,主、客觀程度有差,是不同之所在。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: medium;">(4) Defying the International Norms.</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Until now, the developed countries
especially Europeans and Americans have big say on the codes, standards,
disputes solutions and financial arrangement of the international projects.
They are the establishment to enjoy privileges and power more than their
competency in the industry.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">If the Asian contractors want to go
overseas or the western investor coming to their country to build something,
they may have the problems to follow specifications and conditions alien to
them. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">And in recent decades, the foreign owners
already accept the idea that the projects need to be guaranteed for their
success will go for every detail to ensure nothing will go wrong and therefore
favorable the western establishment.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">So, despite the new comers may have good
engineering knowledge, construction skill and the versatile capability completing
the works, they are handicapped in the international construction market, where
the established western companies set the rules of the game.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">We believe it's not an intended design by any
known nations or covenants of them, but it’s difficult, to change the universal
conviction soon. Because it’s a capitalist practice that the distrust is used as
the excuses to safeguard the people’s interest that the parties involved in the
construction contract have to adapt and accept. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>mtkaoforum3131.blogspot.tw/http://www.blogger.com/profile/01353164324501698355noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2576271459816084234.post-76932110715774284802023-04-28T10:33:00.000+08:002023-04-28T10:33:28.094+08:00<p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> Part 6, Advanced Civil Construction</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #800180; font-size: large;"><b>台科大高等土木施工學教材(2023) </b></span></p><p>MT KAO (Blog: http://mtkaoforum31.blogspot.tw/)</p><p>(mtkaoforum31@gmail.com)</p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><b>7.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Resource Required for Project Implementation</b></span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: medium;"><b>1)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Man</b></span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: medium;"><b>a.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Power to drive Individuals and Organizations to achieve Business Goal:</b></span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span> Nature of Power </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>Man loves power. Unlike animal content with existence and reproduction; human desires are essentially boundless and incapable of complete satisfaction.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>A large proportion of the human race is obliged to work so hard in obtaining necessaries that little energy is left over for other purposes; but those whose livelihood is assured do not cease to be active, they look to power and glory. So young people start to drift in the world will wonder why the needs of obtaining the two become imperative for those have something.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>The easiest way to obtain glory is to obtain power; this is especially the case as regard the men who are active in relation to public events. The desire for glory, prompts the same actions by the desire for power, and the two motives may be regarded as one.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>Power exhibits in many forms, such as wealth, civil authority, and influence on opinion. No one of these can be regarded as subordinate to any other, and there is no one form from which the others are derivative.</b></span></p><p><br /></p><p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Organization</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">Among the phenomena featuring construction industry, "Man" is most relevant. Because people can't be alone to work out big and complicated structure and buildings, they have to be molded into "organizations", to synchronize different expertise and sized up strength, then are capable of serving the society as a meaningful member of construction industry.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">To make them functional and contributive, organizations need to be given goals, compatible resource, and rules for participants accepting rewards and punishments as inducements. So, there must be leader(s), hierarchy, and systems in an organization. It means engineers won't be immune from influence of power maneuver, only that an innocent engineering freshman may hesitate to touch.</span></b></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Leaders</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>However, in an organization where technology and experience are crucial to success, naked power manifested on the leader assigned through investment, heritance or tradition without assent of the follow members will have to share power with doyens of superior skill and knowledge for their cooperation. It's the same that commercial people will get their part of power when profitability is major concern. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>When the organizations become big and complicated, power from creeds and over opinions of public will be another origin. As a result, the leaders or candidates for them will be restrained for the power, and the organizations' behavior will have to be institutionalized. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>So, the entire system become more business-oriented at least in this part of capitalist world because we are sure that any organization, public or private, shall perform according to the principle of utilitarianism that worth taxpayer, shareholders or expert's trust. </b></span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Power Distance </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>It takes different guises from person to person, and there's possibility that the leaders may pursue and profit from enacting their own agenda using their naked and traditional power, but it won't be conflicting that the follow employees who gains nothing will be vicariously cooperative as they seem also to share superficial achievements from the leaders.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>It's the fact that "genuinely cooperative enterprise" often appeared in Asian countries where "power distance" can be big between each layer of management. In In such an organization the young startups are always taught only to listen and the quest to satisfy their curiosity sometimes will be regarded as offensive, though minor as it is. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>But the deliberation of power in an engineering organization will affect its benefit, loss, even survival. Individuals always humbly don't like to touch non-technical issues and think by doing so they can be shielded from power manipulation of imperious person.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>And it is wrong that people pretend they’re apolitical, instead, they’ve to care about the leadership and history of the organizations they want to join or deal with, not least for the reasons to judge and decide whether or not there’re people with whom it’s worth to fight together.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>And it has to be noted, as organizations differ in size and type, common to them is the tendency that power sharing inequality will increase as member number increase. It's a confusion to young people who may have justice and fraternity in mind to consider the management in big company is rogue and exploitive. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>The power distance in an organization shall be kept as short as possible because the proportion of self-motivated and highly intelligent workers among the young generation is rising, vision articulation, action orientation, and management-by-exception are required, all depending on good communication.</b></span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: medium;"><b>b.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Managerial cadre and their Recruitment:</b></span></p><p><br /></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Inflated Titles for Professionals</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">A successful engineering company requires good balance between managers, professionals and occupational. But the balance could only be achieved when number and quality of the "man" employed matched operational requirement.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">Among all, loyalties to the company or the boss personally in an industry where small entrepreneurs are everywhere, are most important. It means steady employment that the "man" can be recruited and assigned to work places for required period under reasonable conditions. Qualification to fit the jobs is basic, and more than that, the hired must be trusted for many inter-person deeds taking places every day in construction industry.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">In Taiwan, there're 3,148 Class A Contractors, 1226 Class B Contractors, 7465 Class C Contractors, and 566 Specialty Contractors toward the end of 2022. Also not a smaller number of Consulting Firms, Architects and independent PE Offices have been registered.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">That it means thousands post of which titles equal to general managers, and senior managers are wanted in the industry. The result is that the construction companies or consultants cannot hire those experienced enough for positions; and people also don't have opportunities to learn management or technical skills required in the career. </span></b></p><p><br /></p><p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Recruitment</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">Under the circumstance, market fragmentation is ensured as many small companies or institutions in the industry struggle for survival. But people still cherish their titles such as vice president, manager or director of the companies even the jobs asking them to do works of more occupational content than professional ones.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">The situation further worsens when authority tried to introduce project management system supposed compatible with international practice. Under the system, each position in the project organization requires the license or certificate, which makes the recruitment more difficult. </span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">Unless there is an overhaul in construction related companies that the vicious cycle to train and hire engineers will be repeating. Make it plain, the decimation of underperformed companies should be required, so that the fragmentation of market can be prevented. Engineers with better disciplines, grade, and initiative, will be able to work in more neat, clean and efficient 21st century construction industry.</span></b></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Diploma Over-Trump Proficiency</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>Conventionally, general public always considers diploma is equal to people's ability and it compels the authority to accept the idea that expertise can be tested through examination. And it turns out, the project owners and the parties responsible for supervision wouldn’t look into the true curriculum of job candidate. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>The outcome that bureaucrats waive their objective judgement to evaluate the real capability of proposed project staff, is that they have to use dull and useless contract stipulation to fortify their essential requirement in work safety, quality and progress; only to torment the submitting contractors.</b></span></p><p><br /></p><p><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: medium;"><span>c.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span>Professional and Occupational </span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">People working in the industry understand the difference between Professional and Occupational is whether or not they’ll use brain all the time. However, they must be aware a professional can easily and unconsciously become an occupational. </span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">The situation may include they practicing routine and unchallenged work too long, or simply losing the brain power to reason and judge.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">Always the changes in the market or industry will bring in the impact, that people have to wary if their income are hardly raised or the employers asking for more training and test for the same job they’ve carried out. </span></b></p><p><br /></p><p><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: medium;">d. Project-based or Department-oriented (functional) Management:</span></b></p><p><br /></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The General Contractor’s Shrived HQ</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">As it evolves, emergence of the subcontractors to undertake the field work in lieu of the main contractor becomes a trend seeming irreversible. And when competition goes further, many of the main contractors withdraw to the point that they don't keep sufficient engineers to stay in lowest notch of expertise. </span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">The educated retained by the companies won't divide the works in line with disciplines, levels and grades truly demanded by the complicated system.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">The recent project management system imposed by government to supervise the public work has an intention to assign more engineers for various discipline of construction so as to develop expertise for engineers over the course. </span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">But the companies cannot follow because elaborated and calibrated division of the works require more engineers to fit the jobs with more salary to pay thus weaken the parties' competence. Also, it's a realty that there're more than10, 000 constructors, consultants and architects in a small market busy for engineer recruitment.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">All combined together, the general contractor’s will always be undermanned and have a shrived HQ.</span></b></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Project-based Management, Functional department-oriented Management.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>Only a few companies in Taiwan have fortune to expand their organization into big, and sophisticated matrix structure, in which both project-based and functional department-oriented management co-existed and support each other.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>As we’ve shown above, many entrepreneur-led companies with limited business volume have to adopt project-based management, of which, the practice is to assign people to site offices meeting minimum requirement imposed by the client. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>The project offices are presumed to gain technical and management backup from knowledgeable engineers in each functional department, however, it couldn't be done as fierce competition to get the tender has hallowed head offices; we saw the veterans disappeared over time.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>Consequently, people are reduced only to work on projects of which the design and construction are general and routine because they don't hold engineers capable of developing know-hows of projects. But in reality, the companies have to establish for the project something similar to matrix organization to furnish the required support provided by both project-base and functional department-oriented system. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Design an organization adapted to the actualities and open to the future development </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>According to Max Weber (German Philosopher and Sociologist), an organization can be designed in consideration of the following:</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>* Task specialization: Tasks are divided into simple, routine categories on the basis of competencies and functional specialization.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>* Hierarchical layers of authority: Managers are organized into hierarchical layers, each responsible for its staff and overall performance.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>* Formal selection: Employees are selected on the basis of technical skills and competences, acquired through training, education and experience.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>* Rules and requirements: Employees know exactly what is expected of them. In this sense, the rules and requirements can be considered predictable.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>* Impersonal (Impersonality and Personal Indifference) : Regulations and clear requirements create distant and impersonal relationships between employees, </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>* Career orientation: Employees are selected on the basis of their expertise, deployment of the right people in the right positions and thereby optimally utilizing human capital.</b></span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: medium;"><b>d.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Personal and organizational behaviors:</b></span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>- Company Culture related to Size</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>Personal behaviors are different from person to person, also in different time for the same person. When an organization is formed, it behaves as a person but like persons it will have different faces overtime. It depends on the leaders very much; especially the way he handles coordination and communication. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>Organization mainly consist of engineers and ruled by them can be stiff and fastidious in giving orders and executing them. The reason and the result maybe it need to avoid mistakes and at the same time push things forward. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>But people with more liberal or creative thought may not appreciate and can be shut put; not good to business development and technological innovation. To mitigate that, a motley style of coordination and communication in a big company is highly valued.</b></span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>- High and Low Context Cultures</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>When organization is small, cultures can be defined as "high context”, more inclined toward relational and collectivist. Message can be spread effectively aiding by gestures, relations, body language, verbal messages, or non-verbal messages between individuals.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>But when organization grows big, communication shall be more explicit, direct, and elaborate; because under the circumstance the individuals are not expected to have knowledge of each other's histories or background, and communication can't be shaped by long-standing relationships between speakers. They depend more on the words being spoken rather than on the interpretation of more subtle or unspoken cues. In such case, the organizations need low context culture.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>"High" and "low" context cultures typically refer to language groups, nationalities, or regional communities. However, they have also been applied to corporations, professions and other cultural groups. Though not all individuals in a culture can be defined by cultural stereotypes, it can roughly classify: </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>*<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>In elementary school, classmates and teacher fixed in the same classroom all day know each other; it is high context. In the university, professors and classmates come and go, interactive only in the class; it is low context.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>*<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>In smaller companies, boss know every employee, give orders and evaluate performance himself; it's high context. In big companies, management layers are many, the communication needs to be made in meetings with minutes or written mails, power must be delegated and the bosses are distant; it is low context. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>*<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The lawyers and accountants talk and writes to identify the truth, and it must be precise in words and numbers, they're of the lower context; the engineers and businessman next, while the farmers deal with the same lands and climates for life can be higher context.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>*<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>In nations or societies where the benefit of group is emphasized over individual, higher context cultures dominate, such as the Asian countries, probably an extension peasantry economy. While mercantile vigor were developed in European and North American countries; it can be lower context. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>People grow up in different context of culture will have distinct response toward the organization which he is hired; however, he can judge how or whether or not he can adapt or fit in the career, if he has the sense about the cultural context. And it is possible that people can change his thought and behavior when he is young.</b></span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: medium;"><b>e.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Labor laws, quality, incentives, and unions</b></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Labor and Taxation Laws in Taiwan</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>Working at site as construction people or supervisors will have to follow the weather instead of the calendar for their agenda. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>There's considerable improvement for employees on the aspect as labor law and regulation interfere; but the employer especially the big companies may not be able to observe to the law completely. It's also one of the reasons that sub-contractors and work gangs are introduced to the project for execution as they may be more "flexible' to follow the law. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>More than law abiding for overtime assignment, smaller company in Taiwan can pay corporation tax in deemed amount in exchange of lax scrutiny into their books. It means sometimes they can neglect or under report their employees' personal tax, retire fund or health care premium. And beyond monetary evasion, they can be audaciously to recruit employees especially for foreign blue collars not obtaining legal stay permit. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>A well-organized company in construction industry will consider laws amended in favor of employees are draconian, and tend to be meticulous toward recruitment even for white collar professionals. So, when construction or design companies have to rely on dispatched people to fulfill minimum contract requirement, they actually leave the responsibility to lay off people to manpower dispatch agencies; which is big departure to the professionalism.</b></span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Taiwan’s Scrupulous Professionals </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>In Taiwan, a few professionals have problem to develop expertise. They lack patience to pursue the knowledge and expertise. They incline to accept jobs their quest of titles and income for short term benefit. So, they put more attention on employment conditions more related to income, welfare and work places. Some of them may need to share with spouse for family chores and tend to work on regular hours. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>We learn that the professionals are working with their brain and are hardly quit the job for entire 24 hours a day. It means if they can cut clean with the work after office hour, they’re not better than any occupational for at all. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>There could be a compromise likely to be reached with an irresponsible employer to sacrifice the work quality, but, and it opens the chance for those don’t have formal engineering background to fill the vacancy; thus, a degradation of professionalism.</b></span></p><p><br /></p><p>Yes, it’s an industry that toil and sweat still overwhelm the brain-exhausting work style and leaving rooms for occupational. But the projects management system, public or private, continue to request the inclusion of certificated and licensed engineers, then people having engineering education and training may have chances to claim their dominance.</p><p><br /></p>mtkaoforum3131.blogspot.tw/http://www.blogger.com/profile/01353164324501698355noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2576271459816084234.post-70403066426599513022023-04-26T13:55:00.000+08:002023-04-26T13:55:08.854+08:00<p><span style="color: #274e13;"><b> (Part 5, NTUST, 5908701)</b></span></p><p><b><span style="color: #741b47; font-size: large;">Part 5, Advanced Civil Construction, 台科大高等土木施工學教材(2023) </span></b></p><p>MT KAO (Blog: http://mtkaoforum31.blogspot.tw/)</p><p>(mtkaoforum31@gmail.com)</p><div><div><b><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">6.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Remuneration, Feeling of Fulfilment, and Chances of Promotion in Different</span></b></div><div><b><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"> Entities.</span></b></div><div> </div><div><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: large;"><b>1)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Academy </b></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>a.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Nationalization and bureaucratization of educational institution.</b></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>- In medieval Europe, universities meant a place where students from everywhere were welcomed as they shared the common language-Latin and religion- Christianity. They were taught the arts and had at least one of the higher faculties (theology, law or medicine), by those with a master's degree. So, the term was studium generale as the aim was to provide students and the general public academic foundations in line with the humanistic roots.</b></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>And the changes begun from Germany in 19th century, the academic study was considered more essential than to disseminate the knowledge to students and the general public as Von Homboldt maintained in his Berlin University. Instead now that the students were asked to select a topic, profession, or social problem conduct research on the subject, maintain a portfolio of findings or results, create a final product demonstrating their learning acquisition or conclusions.</b></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>The capitalist American went farther to introduce the ideas for universities and the colleges to become “technology research center” either by accepting chunky donation from privates or obtain funds in collaboration with big companies for programs. As the result, the “university” actually is “multiversity” and become kind of “knowledge industry” entice the talents and transform them to be “useful” in the market.</b></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>As it evolves, there’re many academic communities of different scientific subjects established in the universities. The institutes have to achieve the goal assigned to them in the research program and so require the combined effort of various faculty members for minimal multiplicity. And it means the organizations have to be sizable to include scholars of different disciplines; specialists, technicians, and in some cases, the managers.</b></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>And because only the government or the donors can pay the money to sustain an organization of meaningful capacity, the nationalization and bureaucratization of the university is unavoidable. Then the autonomy of faculty is gone that the professors has to respect the imposed hierarchy, follow the government procurement law, honor the quantified evaluation system. And it means, the young men decide to work in the academy for life needs to know everything about scholar’s recruitment, pay, and promotion as many of the civil servants do.</b></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>There can be countries with thrive industries and successful businessmen granting huge sums of money to the university. For all their best intension or pragmatism to inspirit innovation, the receiving parties may proceed to employ needed people for the advance study programs not related to teaching and study. </b></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>In addition to the salaries and bonus given to the scholars and specialist, tools, software and apparatus required to advance the innovation can be paid, thus facilitate the general study as well. </b></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>Therefore, the conventional boundary between the ivory tower and the outside world is blurred. Lucky or not, the campus grows and aggrandized; but it looks as if it were a technical center of big company, buoyed, motived and boosted by the same market force plumped the industry.</b></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cambridge and Oxford could be the last to insist its tradition that the university should bend on the “liberal education” to nurture the gentlemen. But in 1956, the UK government astonished that the country lagged much behind the US and Soviet Union in technology and science; had to issue a whitepaper for higher education mainly to accept the promotion of Colleges of Advanced Technology (CATS) to university level. </b></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>The UK faculty leaders shared the government’s view realizing the fact there should be scientific culture in addition to the humanity culture, and the “Argument of Two Cultures” had to come to a hold. </b></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>In certain countries the university can be supported by charities, donation and wealthy alumni just like the universities and graduate schools in the American Ivy Leagues so as to be free from the government interference. </b></span></div><div><br /></div><div><b><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;">b.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Fate, connections, and politic may play part in the assignment and promotion of faculty positions.</span></b></div><div><b><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></div><div><b><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;">-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>In theory, the assignment and promotion in the public faculty will be fair because the qualification set for the contested is stringent and people responsible to smack the decision are supposed wise and objective in such an independent organization. But in practice, the odd is high that the un-qualified may win out as they know how to use the connection and politic skillfully.</span></b></div><div><b><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></div><div><b><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;">So, for those who expect the meritocracy will prevail in keep the academic body lean and competent can be disappointed.</span></b></div><div><b><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></div><div><b><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;">The other side of the coin is when universities are funded by public money the regulations for personnel management are rigid, and less influenced by the powerful or the unprincipled. </span></b></div><div><b><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></div><div><b><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;">-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Sometimes, the faculty may have their unique requirement for particular topics for researches, they may recruit scholars who would provide talent at that special moment and then they may start academic career; it’s the fate. The opposite also is true when an eligible can’t be picked over years just because lack of luck.</span></b></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>c.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Inspiration, heart and soul are still required in developing scientific and engineering theories.</b></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span> People get fame in academic career may claim later that there’s no coincidence in his success and tell the young man to work hard because scientific and engineering theories can only be accomplished through endeavor. It’s true but not necessarily that the hard work will invite the success. Young starters have to learn that the aspiration is required in the process to initiate an idea, fill the void and perfect the defect. </b></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>in develop some theory in their career, often the people will place their attention more on time and effort they’ve spent over the issues and await the aspiration come to add favors on the plain calculation. It’s not realistic and people has to have heart and soul if they want to do scientific study. </b></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>People who are mediocratic actually shall avoid to pursue the academic achievement.</b></span> </div><div><br /></div><div><b><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;">d.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Limited monetary remuneration augmented with infrequent plaudits complete full reward scheme of scholars.</span></b></div><div><b><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></div><div><b><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;">-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Monetary remuneration is limited for people working in academic. There may be something in compensation for the low income, that is the feeling of fulfillment and achievement. </span></b></div><div><b><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></div><div><b><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;">A real scholar will feel happy when he discovers or believes that he will be able to offer next generation people a branch of knowledge, though may not be perfect or permanent, even the plaudit is short and rare.</span></b></div><div><b><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></div><div><b><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;">-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>However, the modern university may change. As we said, it will change to “knowledge industry” in collaboration with companies thirsty to find collaborators for technology improvement. We’ve witnessed big business pour in chunk of money to finance faculty in an unprecedent manner. </span></b></div><div><b><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></div><div><b><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;">The law also modified to allow people other than pure wonks join the faculty to conduct researches; and the pay is not subject to any limitation. Bonus and other incentives are offered to the people who’re supposed to be acclaimed for their virtue. </span></b> </div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>2)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Professional entities such as architects and consulting firms</b></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>a.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The professionals don't produce, manufacture or build, they offer design report and solutions based on expertise that can hardly be quantified; so, they receive bonus and prize based on subjective review in addition to the fixed salary.</b></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>People who’re admitted to big architect and consulting firms are expected to listen to the orders and to begin as a simple part of complicated machine. Remuneration wouldn’t be high as the company consider you gain more in learning as new comer.</b></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>Promotion, or work adjusted for next stage seem to be taken grant; but mainly depend on your altitude. </b></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b>b.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Managers of architects and consulting firms are critical to create a sound work environment for efficiency, recruit people of high talent, take the lead in competition, recognize and reward those who work hard with decent pay, and find the new customers and win their trust; so, they deserve high income.</b></span></div><div><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b>Even though the market is not small in some of the countries, the architects and consulting firms would have their fix clients. The relationship cultivated are between, in most of the cases, the institutions and not the individuals. It’s very apparent in Taiwan, and the individuals have to be careful in asserting their business credit</b></span>.</div><div> </div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>c.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>As a trend and also out of necessity, capital gains such as profit, dividend, interest, rent and royalty are offered to the employees in the form of company stock, partnership, or special agreement.</b></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>When the majority of shares held in government or big organization, the persons in custody tend to be more conservative and the not the persons running the company lose an effective tool to manage the company. It’s the situation for the two biggest civil engineering consultants in Taiwan. </b></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b>d.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The rates and prices of consultancy contracts are low by international standard, so that the professional’s pay is restrained in Taiwan. </b></span></div><div><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b>The professionals, especially those in the consultant firms, have to work long time to get enough money compared to the engineers working in the other countries. The difference in annual remuneration between the senior and junior engineers are not so much and it decreases the incentives of the employees. The reasons are again, partly due to the government’ holding of the shares for big consulting company. </b></span></div><div><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b>The small, private and localized consultant firms always submitting low price is also the reason that the professionals in Taiwan don’t have good income as their foreign counterpart. </b></span></div><div><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b>The civil engineering consultants always require top talents, but, many of them ceased to work hard for the nature of the company and the difficulties to draw a smooth and reasonable clear path; many of them are said to have early retirement. Recently, it’s improves at least for the employees as demand is increased.</b></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>3)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Construction firms</b></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>a.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Contractors command more resources than any other players in the industry and the pay difference among their staffs is significant and decided by project profit and loss.</b></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>For the same project, different managers will significantly make the resulted profitability completely different. Therefore, the bosses will carefully choose the manager or won’t delegate any power to the under in the case of small company. And for big project, it requires good manager(s) and qualified staff to work around the clock. There’s nothing but to offer strong incentives as the boss is concerned. </b></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>And it means, a devoted and smart employee will be able to distinguish himself in the construction firms. </b></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b>b.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>In Taiwan, the owners prefer low cost and hasten progress. So always construction companies are put under extreme pressure to meet contractual requirement, and only staff (leading by a relentless boss) can withstand the grinding work condition will get higher pay and the employment, not much to do with their proficiency, not mentioning feeling of achievement.</b></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span></div><div><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">c.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Reformation that allow the constructor to do the works in design and build has been introduced to the market, and now that the industry is less fragmented so the construction firms can grow and allow the professionals either technical or managerial developing their skill and climbing the company ladder.</span><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b>d.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Specialty contactors if have more control on expertise shall be more dominant as the nature of the works now are more than simple concrete pouring and rebar binding when economy evolved and the project more complicated.</b></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>4)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Government Employees </b></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>a.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>In Taiwan and many Asian countries, the government employees are prestigious and respected despite its low salary and limited power. The reasons may be the employment is permanent and the work isn’t manual. In the case of civil engineering, the mandarins are responsible to certify the progress in every stage and accept the completed stuff of the project, highly influential to the public works and the contractors. So, it can be the top choice of graduates.</b></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b>b.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>But as the economy grows the government enact many laws and regulations, which aren’t flexible in nature for implementation but the civil servants need to follow. In addition, the politicians, media and public frequently overrule the professed opinion; making young engineer uncomfortable and hesitate to go after the government posts. </b></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>c.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>At the time when resources were scarce, only the government would be affordable to import construction technologies and appeal to the talents to work for big projects. It’s attractive for engineers. Now that working for private companies could get even better access for modern technology under more discerning evaluation. The incentives for young talents to work for government are drastically reduced.</b></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>5)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Bosses or self-employed</b></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b>a.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>In a market-oriented economy, the individuals are free to exercise will and power in their own enterprise plus that the sub-let system in Taiwan will allow new comers to deliver the works easy; then the threshold to start construction business looks low. Many young people thus select to become entrepreneurs before they can learn something as other’s employees. </b></span> </div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>b.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>A contractor needs capital, follow engineers, business connections, access to resources required for execution, and above all a mentality to lead the teammates you want to summon for successful performance; therefore, it requires years of experience. But the rigor and aggressiveness to found an enterprise will only attached to a young brain, then you’ve to determine whether to be boss or self-employed at early stage of your life.</b></span></div><div><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>In other words, “connection network’ shall be critical for the young professionals seek to establish their own business. It can be supported by family or friendly ties; but most importantly, the future boss shall look carefully into his own personality and take opportunities.</b></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b>c.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>However, construction people often risked to become accomplices of authority, super or sub tier contractors stealing public money. The temptation is overwhelming: providing bad material, not build according to the drawing, faulting the contracts. The bosses always excuse themselves for the need of survival. But actually, they like to enjoy lucrative contracts and believe they’re well protected. </b></span></div><div><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b>Nevertheless, the systematic fraud could be exposed and the professionals forsaking ethic principles would be sacrificed by the politicians. </b></span></div><div><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b>Unlike many countries in developing worlds, Taiwan escaped endemic corruption during and after the days massive infrastructure projects are under construction. If you want to be a boss in Taiwan, the risk is smaller.</b></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>d. The boss of modern days construction company practically needs to know he shall also be a good manager in an organization to lead a team of knowledgeable workers, who are skilled, motivated, and challenge-seeking. It is because whether or not the business will survive, prosperous and develop will depend on the boss’ ability to articulate a vision of the future to inspire the people. It is necessary to let them believe their future are included in your plan.</b></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>In other words, people need to examine before they want to become the bosses or super managers in the engineering or construction companies, their competency of technical and interpersonal skills including being open to the truth, treating everyone fairly and equally and sticking to their principles.</b></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>Also, the boss must be sure that himself shall equip with an intelligence to embody the value of his organization, impose the integrity on the follow professionals, and culture the resilience to maintaining the momentum of the organization when business is in setback.</b></span></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div></div>mtkaoforum3131.blogspot.tw/http://www.blogger.com/profile/01353164324501698355noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2576271459816084234.post-40860012915474487432023-04-04T19:59:00.004+08:002023-04-26T13:55:57.847+08:00<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #0c343d;">(</span></b></span><span style="color: #0c343d;"><b>Part 4, </b></span><b><span style="color: #0c343d;">NTUST, 5908701)</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #800180; font-size: large;"><b><span lang="EN-US">Part 4, Advanced Civil Construction, </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">台科大高等土木施工學教材</span></b></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #800180; font-size: large;"><b>(2023) </b></span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">MT KAO (Blog:
http://mtkaoforum31.blogspot.tw/)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">(<a href="mailto:mtkaoforum31@gmail.com">mtkaoforum31@gmail.com</a>)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>(1). Banks</b></span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">Banks offer credit lines, grant loans, and
acting as agents to collect or pay bills, draft, and cheques to companies or
individuals doing business of construction and engineering.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">Banks issue guarantee letters or cheques to
the clients for bid bond, performance bond, advance payment bond, and warranty
bond at the request of construction companies, design consultants, professional
engineers, and architects.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">In many cases, banks will issue letter of
credit for contractors to buy equipment, material and service required to
complete the project. <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">There will be overdraft facilities for
companies to pay outstanding cash amount reasonably required in performing contracts.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">Banks will evaluate the profitability,
sizes, collateral, and reputation of the company, and grant them credit lines or
loan, and quote the premium and interest rates subject to fluctuation over time.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">There is possibility that the banks
agreeing to offer loans for BT, BOT, or BOO projects, based mainly on
feasibility, completion guarantee, and the ultimate owner of the projects (and
in the case of overseas projects, the government and the owner). Usually
commercial banks need backups of fund, investment companies or even state.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">When construction related entities wouldn't
obtain the credit lines as required or the existing credit amount sharply
reduced, they could be pushed toward insolvency. The consequence usually is
very serious and could probably invoke chain reactions for subcontractors and
sub vendors for several times the amount main contractors indebted. <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">If the state won't go for rescue, banks,
subcontractors, vendors, their employees will be induced for damages like the
case happened to the second biggest contractor, Carillion of UK (https://www.arlingclose.com/insights/what-happened-with-carillion).
But normally in a democracy, no sane politicians will vote continuing to
finance the troublemaker, that's why banks are cautious in Taiwan.</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>(2). Insurance Company</b></span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">a.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Most
of construction contracts need insurance company to provide coverage for
damages to property and persons related to the projects unless it happens due
to excepted risks.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">The employers wish themselves and the
follow contractors to be compensated for maximum and paying fee in minimum. The
public work owners are big customers so they will prescribe what they want in
the contract document, and insurance companies and the contractors usually will
comply the stipulation.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">However, in many occasions the crooked
contracting parties, seeking to reduce even very few percent of the insurance
premium, will ask acquiescent insurers to provide conforming policies with
covert agreement deleting the critical clauses demanded by the employers. <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">Though the insurance companies ostensibly are
more law abiding these days, but there are brokers sticking to the old way
doing business. It’s not fair to the honest contractors.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">b.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Compensation
to the contracting parties poses as a hard bargain when perils occur. The
appraisers' proffer can be wide ranged and unpredictable. The approaches are
much influenced by the commercial interest of the insurance industry, which is
conflicting to the requirement of the insured, not mentioning the request of
the endured. <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">The reality in Taiwan is that many of the
contractors don’t pay much attention in safety requirement and spend money for
proper construction facilities. When peril occurs, the insured may come up with
plumped figures and ask for compensation.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">There were stories that the re-insurer like
Lloyd's of London rejected to reinsure tunnel work construction of Taiwan in
90's as many "Names" losing so much money. There were days that many
tunnel failures occurred in Taiwan, whether or not they were the result of
complicated geological condition or insured’s wicked intention o solve the
progress and cost problems, we didn’t know. But we understand that the local
appraisers and insurers weren’t innocent.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">c.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Note
always the proposed settlement has more to do with the commercial convenience
of the insurers than what the contractors ought to accept. In other words, the
staff and the managers of the contractors shall resist the mesmerizing
persuasion by the policy sales and appraisers.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">The insurance policy buyers shall study
words by words for the compensation clauses attached to the main policy; and be
careful about the practicality of the blockers, insurance company and
appraisers before they procure the policies.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">d.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In
the United States, the project surety is issued mainly by insurance company or
bondsmen for the full contract amount or its double. It's a different
philosophy that the US employers want to be guaranteed for in-time and quality
project completion so the insurer or bondsman needs to provide greater than or
equal amount of project value to convince the employers that they'd have
ability to finish the works.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">And in place like Taiwan, the employers
demand pays immediately an amount no less than their loss in the project with
reservation that they can claim the difference of their loss later. Once people
in Taiwan advocated that the insurance company can issue policies to serve as
performance bond or for other purpose but find it difficult to implement, so
the alternative only remains on the law.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">e.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
insurance companies are involved so much in the construction projects, they're
indispensable, but many in the industry including high ranking persons have
wrong concept toward the insurance. The biggest problem is they can't
distinguish the difference between contingency cost and insurance premium paid,
the mistakes come from that they considered everything can be covered by
insurance.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">They may recognize there should be price
escalation and it has been covered by inflation formula, and they continue to
think that any other risk shall be identified and priced in the work items and
a risk that can't be named shouldn’t be a risk. </span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">However, an experienced
constructor will perceive that it is a cost attached to the project only in a
way that nobody will know how and for what magnitude it will happen.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">Finally, people responsible to establish
the project budget will consider the contingency provision shouldn’t be entered
for unnamed items lest it should become the additional profit of the tenderer.
It’s wrong but widely accepted by the officials here.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;">(3). Investment Company or Fund</span><span style="color: #990000; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">The international investment company or
fund strolled around the globe seeking opportunity for investment in
infrastructure projects as they felt revenue should be stable and return
lucrative. But they were meticulous in Taiwan as they cared about the risks in
design, construction and operation of those projects may not be in a way
they’re familiar with. <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">The tedious regulations imposed by the government
and "not in my backyard" populism would be detrimental to the budget
and progress issues which are most critical to the infrastructure projects:
returns are slower and lower, financial overburden heavier, and the market
changes cancelling the necessity of the projects. And in the extreme case, the
franchise company can be bankrupted.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">So, the international investment company or
fund including Japanese trading houses have to wait until now, start to buy
shares of solar power plants, wind mills and sewage system when they feel the
government, industry and the related player are more matured with regards to
PPP initiative.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">The international investment company or
fund do bring in another risk mitigation concept: placing more emphasize on
unanticipated and disadvantageous market changes in demand or supply, and the
long-term interest rates and the underlying asset value; subject to variation
in the so-called risky macro environment.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">There can be two types of investment in
infrastructure projects: one is to secure the opportunity for investment when
everything is still blank considering that the profitability is proportionate;
the other is to take over the project when everything is known and the return
fixed shunning of risks.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">In Taiwan the real estate business elicits
capital and talent for its high growth and profitability. Developers are busy
to hunt lands, deal with building codes, handle design and construction, and
sell house and mansions, that they're not so interested in PPP initiatives.
They could be tomorrow’s investors for ppp (public-private partnership) initiatives.
<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>(4). Operator</b></span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>After completing the public facilities, the
government agencies or the private plants or building owners need people to do
operation, functional checks, servicing, repairing or replacing of necessary
devices, equipment, and machinery; and sometimes for system adjustment and
expansion. The requirement hastens the delivery of the new facilities while
many of the owners don't have the experience to do O&M especially the
government agencies under recruitment, financial and efficiency restraint.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>They're O&M companies, which should be
an inseparable part of construction industry, always working under the poor
financial conditions as politicians and capitalists over the world are good at
dispense money for new fund buildings and facilities but less generous for
their operation and maintenance. But now it is different.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>Technicality will also be favorable to the
O&M companies. The Engineers and the Contractors alike need the Operators'
feedback to get sufficient knowledge for new facilities. </b></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>And it's a tendency
that the government prefer to using public–private partnership for O&M of
the facilities to solve problems of lacking of flexibility in financial support
and employee’s recruitment.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>Over the years, the owners, government or
private will ask the contractors to offer engineering, construction, plus
O&M; there will be different models, and more sophisticated management
contract will include improvements in efficiency and performance, which only is
possible to include as much scope of service in one hand.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>As it evolved, the Operator may be required
to collect bills on behalf of the utility company, and may accept some
collection risk, especially the clients are governmental, and the customers
will be general public.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>Engineers of next generation must think
about whatever he will be, it tells of tomorrow’s engineers to realize the
profession is service oriented, and to follow money's lead.</b></span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: large;"><b>3)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Third-Party Participants: notaries, law firms, inspectors, laboratories,
certifiers, appraisers, unions, arbitrators</b></span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>The modern construction contract bring in
piles of paper plus those un-printed storing in the computer, most of them
presented as letters, reports, records, sketches, lists, certificates,
diagrams, affidavits, pamphlets, photos, books, all of them filled with words,
lines, symbol, sound, totem enough to decide the success or failure of the
projects, though nobody is able to read through.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>It's more than computer technology that the
frontage players, supporting entities and participants of construction
contracts all are the accomplice to ask for more document. For example, when
contractors want to get loans, the banks may ask them to get reports from law
firms to examine the contract conditions and to ensure the applicants are
accepting everything. Or, the clients may demand the records of successful
operation in completed facilities, certain laboratories may be asked to do the
inspection works and submit the reports accordingly.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>When the required documents bearing the
names of the supposed independent party and showing the subject party has met
the requests are received by the enquirer, it will be deemed as true and
authentic. And as it evolves, there will be development such as:<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: medium;"><b>* The party which demands information only
trust prints from certain parties. Because the former now depend on the latter
to identify the authentication of submissions from strangers or aliens.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: medium;"><b>* Though that the verifying party shall be
independent and only responded to the requesting party, but the demanding party
will have a big say to recommend the "right" verifying party; and in
most of the cases, the requesting party will comply.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: medium;"><b>* If the verifying party has long working
relationship with the requesting party, he would have more confidence to verify
what he needs to verify within sort time frame, though they are independent and
neutral. It happens to law firms, inspectors, laboratories, certifiers,
appraisers, and arbitrators.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: medium;"><b>The industry reward regular customers, so
big companies that always have more chances to contact third party participants
will find it's easier and more swiftly to work out required document demanded
by their clients. It's the same that the independent parties or organizations
who are reputable in their domain also receive more recommendation from
establishment.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: medium;"><b>Languages and culture should be the problem
but not the only, the reality of the world is that the westerners will go to
international arena using contracts, codes, standards, specification and
practice the same as what are used in their homeland. The advantage is more
apparent when the third-party participants with fame are confident to endorse
them; actually, sort pf fortification.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>Asian contractors go out to compete
international giant, would have encountered invisible barricades, sometimes can
be fatal to the projects. The story can be simple just because he wouldn't be
familiar to and get supported by the established third-party participants who
historically are not accustomed to working with oriental minnows. Right now,
they’re real third-party participants. <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>Despite its laissez-faire appearance, 21st
century capitalism is complicated in its work division, allocation of added values
and borderless monopoly to collect rents. <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>In construction industry, the conventional
added value attached to exercise of craftsmanship and dexterity to maneuver the
machines now become relatively small as competition is harsh between the same
contractors of developing economies. The new added value is created even to
surpass what can be obtained from the exercise of the substantial works. The
people familiar with "norm", "standard", and
"proof" usually can avoid to do the risky and competitive tangible
works and usually are done by the firms and organizations in the developed
economies.</b></span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: large;">4) Stakeholders: Public, Authority,
Neighborhood and Locals.</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>(1). Public</b></span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>The public are the users of infrastructure
and facilities, but they are volatile and can be convinced for opposite
proposals. And it seems only the politicians claim they’re their
representatives are knowing everything and the engineers have little to say for
the true benefit of the public. <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>The professionals in Taiwan aren’t
prestigious and dignified facing the public, instead, the media, councilors and
TV host will be louder in all technical aspects than the engineers. Because the
public demand 100% perfect over construction projects: budget, progress,
durability, aesthetic, and functional for at all time, which are not possible
in engineering, but they are spoiled because they’ve votes.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>The politicians will take chance at the
expense of the professionals, who will be depicted as pedant never knowing the
true requirement of the people and the progressiveness of the society. </b></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>Of
course, there will be sometime that the public will be awakened learning
politicians won't fulfill their commitment but the professionals has been
tainted during the process. It’s easy in Taiwan the professionals including
those from academic will be the scapegoat but their credit will never be
recovered.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>Infrastructure construction sometimes is
associated with corruption and scandal, and some professionals may be involved,
giving the impression that the engineers are not cleaner than the officials and
councilors. So, the public is skeptical to the construction contracts and insist
to have stringent supervision and they may feel comfortable when there will be
supervision on top of supervision.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>And when, most of the government agencies in
charge of public construction in Taiwan openly claim that they will
accept the citizens to supervise the construction works, a political approach,
is a hurt to the professionals. </b></span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>(2). Authority</b></span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">The Authority referred here means the government
agencies responsible to award permits, edit regulations, or decide the
applicable codes so that the owner and the contractors shall observed for
planning, design, construction, occupation and operation from initiation,
completion until operation.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">Land acquisition for public works shall be
local government's responsibility, and usually it’s a procrastination process;
maybe 5% of recalcitrant landowner will stop 100% of the works for
commencement; and you’d see every day in Taiwan.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">Safety measures are the critical issues
that the government will demand the owners and their contractors to follow
though. If incident to happen, the law and regulation will allow the authority
(under Labor Ministry and their local branches) to exert severe punishment<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">It’s also possible that the public attorney
can indict the representatives of the companies or institutions for crime
charges. It’s also part of the reasons that the man contractors would sub-let
the works to smaller companies with the ideas that the subcontractors will
shoulder the responsibility.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">Traffic diversion plans around the site in
congested towns and area can be critical which the foreign companies coming to
Taiwan will have difficulty to think about; but the commuters are sacrosanct.
One of the impacts to urban construction, for instance, can be the use of more
tower cranes in lieu of the mobile cranes. <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">Disposal for wasted and surplus material
shall be subject to the grand soil reuse and disposal plan by local government;
in general, the cost of excavated soil dumping is “managed” by people close to
mafia and hardly the outcome is rational.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">Utilities authority poses another problem
for the developers and the contractors; outstanding drawings and missing
locations cause the digs delaying and costly. Sometimes dangers would emerge. <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">License for buildings and plants shall go
through the utility authority to ensure links with existing system. In Taiwan,
utility company is called company, but people would think it's a kind of
authority, not least they are run by government.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">The fishing, agriculture and irrigation
cooperative surely are the juridical association membered by ordinary people,
but they are offered with the rights for fishing, planting and irrigation in
their premises, to which any encroachment shall be bought with exorbitant price
through hard negotiation.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>(3). Neighborhood and Locals</b></span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>The mentality of Nimby (Not in my back
yard) affected construction very much; nuclear power plants and its refusal
treatment can't be solved, for instance, as well as substations and
transmission lines. <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>Roads, parks and sewers can't be built in
many places as people don't want to be disturbed even for short time. The
stories may be dated back to the old days that the authority abuse the power
conscript land and put the people against construction down.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>And now it goes for another extremity, for
example, people don't want to accept any deflection or slight damages in their
house when the excavation nearby have influence even within the tolerable
value. Some of the people exercise extra judicial means to stop the works. It
happens in chemical and power plants the neighborhood always cemented together
to bar or interrupt construction and operation.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>The governments of all level are relatively
weak because the officers and councilors need votes; temples and churches for
their grass root nature always sided with neighborhood defying the legitimate
development. It's devastating but foreign and sometimes people from big city
not well aware they are standing in lower ground if Buda and God aren’t stand
beside them.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>Many business people might miss the days
when construction wouldn't have any problem to deal with ordinary people
decades ago. But it's the democracy that people have chosen the system to
defend their property and will; and as it flourishes the developers and the
contractors must have patience in communication with the neighborhood and
locals to move the project</b></span><o:p></o:p></span></p>mtkaoforum3131.blogspot.tw/http://www.blogger.com/profile/01353164324501698355noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2576271459816084234.post-37331735052483566472023-03-28T23:03:00.008+08:002023-04-26T13:56:23.442+08:00<p><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><b> (</b></span><b style="color: red; font-size: x-large;">Part 3, </b><b style="color: red; font-size: x-large;">NTUST, 5908701)</b></p><p><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><b>Part 3, Advanced Civil Construction, 台科大高等土木施工學教材(2023) </b></span></p><p>MT KAO (Blog: http://mtkaoforum31.blogspot.tw/)</p><p>(mtkaoforum31@gmail.com) </p><p><br /></p><p><b><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: large;">(3) Architects.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">a.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>A</span></b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>rchitects are respected all over the world,
for the dual roles they played as artists and engineers. In Taiwan, the laws
and regulations are favored for their solo performance with the support of a
powerful guild:</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>- The
law now accepts joint venture of the architects, but it's still the cooperation
between the individuals. For building design, various disciplines of
professional engineers such as structure, mechanic or electric, and certain
specialty companies have to be the second-tier performers of architects of the
relatively small size. It’s an arrangement sometimes may not be working and
cause troubles contractually or technically.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>- As
a response to the trend that modern buildings need to provide various services
to meet people’s extensive demand, architects have to be organized to include
more disciplines of engineers facing new design challenges. And in today’s
Taiwan they have to behave more like a firm than individuals.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a name="_Hlk130929304"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>- Internally, the architect boss needs to
stay peace with his employees because the ever-complicated proposals offered to
the client requires persisting and respectful performance of a stable team. And
it’s the same as what happens to consulting firms, the boss shall place
attention on the follow architects and individual engineers for their vision,
responsiveness, work attitudes, remuneration, and entitlement. <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>Because people always deem their own
performances are impeccable especially those who link their career future with
fame and credential. Partnership, profit sharing, publication and fame are used
as the elements to retain the talents or contrarily to become the driving force
to accelerate the division.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>b. Like
always happened in small engineering companies, senior architect usually
grumbles for their follows’ impatience to demand profit and fame sharing before
showing their contribution; but the hired will also complain their performance
is never recognized:<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">- In
reality, it’s not a big market and the established architects are not easy to
come to terms with employees and will choose to recruit new staff when they
fail to hold royalty from the old guys. And when the number of licenses granted
to the new comers are high and many of them not appreciated by the employers
will start own business the competition will be harsh.</span></b></span></span></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>c.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Recently, architects continue to plead the government for: </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The fees allowed for public building design are calculated as fix percentage of construction price, and it is low compared to what adopted in other countries. The percentage must be adjusted. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The construction cost per unit area of building is low in the government budget and there must be an improvement, so the basis for design and supervision fee will be fair.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>That the cooperation with reputable international architects shouldn't be necessary as local architects are artfully good and technically competent. Should any officer look for fantastic building outline and avant-garde design, he could ask local architect to provide. Current practice inviting foreign architects playing protagonist and forcing their local partner shoulder contractual obligation are not acceptable. Though, many private developers still court international architects because the "names" will boost the sale. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Architects consider the responsibility of supervision during construction shall be rectified with clearer definition in the laws. There’re cases the developers and architects indicted and criminalized for putative wrong design and lax supervision years after buildings completed but damaged when incidents such as earthquakes causing troubles.</b></span> </span></p><p> </p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: large;"><b>(4) Workers, Labor Gangs and Subcontractors.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><span>a.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>In </span>Taiwan and many countries, General
Contractors do not own equipment and hire technicians and labors for
construction. They sub-let the laboring work to gangs or subcontractors to save
efforts and troubles in recruitment, efficiency upholding and advance skill
learning. But commercial consideration not directly to deal with labor will
lead to a situation that many General Contractors may lose ability for and
access to the construction reality:</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>- The
commercial and contractual consideration for the frontage II players to observe
the labor laws, accounting rules, safety regulation, etc., will cause change
and impact for project implementation and industry. <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>- There
may and must be craftsmanship existed among the labors to guarantee work
efficiency and quality; but the labor gangs or the subcontractors receive the
payment according to rates and quantity entered in their contract with upper
tier contractors, which in most cases, are under so called back to back terms. <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>- The
gang leaders are left with the responsibility to call in and pay the workers at
fix wages disregard of what they’d have received according to the actual
performance. It means that general contractors intend to transfer the risk to
the labor gangs and subcontractors for anything reducing the efficiency. But there
could be argument between the parties as the project is fickle and the market fluctuate
vibrantly. Formal and legal intervention cannot solve the problems, and only
settlement based on parties’ vital interest and concerns will stay.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>b. Originally
main contractor may allocate the works to different gangs such as rebar, form
work and concrete pouring, but still take care of coordination and supervision
works required; and now they might ask one sub-contractor to undertake whole
works with expectation that the enlarged contract value will add more cushion
for sub-tier contractors to absorb shock when the situation goes wild: <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>- Though
engineers will draw plans, pen proposal, and check mistakes; construction work
has to be carried out by labors with hands, and it's them to materialize white
collar's ideas for all difficult, dirty and dangerous work environs. There was
historical background when labors were in over supply, that their salaries
suppressed and work condition miserable. At then, management of main
contractors were able to leave the drudgery to social class distant from them.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>- There
should be interfaces to be coordinated between trades of workers, and it would
have been done by the site agents from main contractors. And now a major
sub-contractor would take care and the assistance from the main contractors
would be unnecessary. People finally would agree those supervisory staff is
duplicated and cost better saved. The process continued and main contractor’s
access to technical data and know how gradually diminished, so as their
capability and experience of construction works.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p><p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>- Work
division in Taiwanese construction industry become more vertical like fault
line, i.e. a sub-tier contractor will do in situ construction while the main
contractor may offer the name, provide guarantees, and take care of documentary
works. The balance between upper and lower tiers contractors is broken in dire
expectation to save limited amount of money while increasing risk short of
coordination and supervision. A tendency inadvertently favors the parties like
the gamblers rather than the professionals. <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>c.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Right now, the contractors undertaken the construction contracts can't find enough gangs and workers for their projects and cause delays or tender abortion in both government and private projects:</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Year by year, the demography change and economy growth start to curtail labor supply in Taiwanese construction industry. Crew number shrinks and members aged, they demand safety, reject toil, fall short in dexterity, easily to elude work commitment.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3years epidemic further deteriorate the situation, the authority has to change the regulation to admit more TCN (third country national) into the industry. Before, TCN were only permitted to work in public works, and now it extends to private work as all the classes of constructors are free to hire them. The amendment will be made at the second half of 2023.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The work conditions at construction sites, compared to factories and service sector are worse, but the wage difference is not big now. </b></span></p><div><br /></div><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: large;"><b>(5) Specialty Contractor.</b></span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>a. First
the specialty contractors were envied because of the leading technology it embraced.
They also enjoyed the prices and rates nearer or even better than the
international average.</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>- The
construction history in Taiwan was recorded with people of spirit de
entrepreneur scrambled to imitate, or simply request authorization of foreign technology:
the construction method; equipment and machine; material engineered and
manufactured. <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>- The
ideas to respect patent right were weak before millennium, giving time for
people to learn, to make and to try, short for perfection but still enough for
imitation.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>- The
second stage came quickly, many of the international specialty contractors had
to withdraw from Taiwan as natives took over, though maybe many of them looked
weak and small.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p><p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>The stories happened to work items such as
diaphragm wall, grouting, travelling wagons, system formworks, and cable and
tendons, all taking places within very few years.</b></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>b. To
certain degree the locals created wonders; many of them endured failures and
finally smack technical Okays. <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>- For
one who successfully to become specialty contractor, there must be several
crumbled; the speculation cost was so high considering the devotion they paid
pent and the risks undertook.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>- The
market is small, and the kind of infrastructure projects built is not many; so
the R & D cost can hardly be distributed after long. <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>- In
general, the companies doing the specialty works in Taiwan can't distinguish
themselves with general contractors; instead, they’re under pressure to find
jobs to support their equipment, plants and crew. So, they're forced to bid the
same tender package as the general contractor.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>- Then
the borderline between the specialty and general contractors is blurring and
the specialty contractors are not respected for their expertise. <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p><p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>-
Events such as labor shortage and de-carbon construction may bring
prospects for the specialty contractors: precast or prefabricated element,
automatic machines, green construction material such as graphene concrete.
There would be sufficient motives and requirement for high minded people to join
the specialty contractors.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: large;"><b>(6) Employers.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>a.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The employers pay for the construction cost and have vest-in interest for the in time and quality completion of the projects: </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>For public projects there will be elected officers and administrative in the government agencies speaking of detailed civil requirement under certain budgetary constraint; but they’ve to listen to the opinions from experts, media, and councilors. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b> A dutiful civil servant will know how and when to make compromise on different opinions, so as to plan and build a facility maximizing its value for price paid.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>For private business, it seems like the investors have tremendous power to look after for their own benefit, but it has to be bound by laws, regulations,</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>social opinions and various unspoken rules of democracy.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b> Scrutiny is unavoidable, and also, it’s the reason that many powerful and wealthy will speak for rent-seekers.</b></span></p><div><br /></div><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>b.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The employers in developing their projects must consider rate of return higher than normal. They have to decimate risk and uncertainty that fund and banks won’t accept: </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Among the employers or the funder’s concerns, quality and in time completion shall be most critical, but that's only fundamental. In the case of real estate, the developers must consider buyers or tenants' requirement for buildings. And for plant owners they must consider product sales and market stability. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>So, it’s a modern-day approach sometimes that the turnkey contractors will appease the owner with guarantees for product sales (in quantity and price) for long time. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Because long term investment security is now desired, the frontage investors should pay additional premium to guard their principle so that the ultimate capital holders are assured and pleased.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>It's 21st Century, in order to get a hedged and assurance, cost paid to notaries, law firms, inspectors, laboratories, appraisers, and certifiers can be regarded as more important than expenditures for tangible object such as concrete and steel, despite the cost compared to the additional protection for investment is big; completely different to the days when material was scarce and expensive.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>- Therefore, the competitiveness to vie a contract nowadays will include not only handling material and equipment to be incorporated into the project, but also to obtain the endorsement of the so-called independent parties. And it’s the reason why the contractors from the first world, despite their seeming expensiveness for substantial works, still can get a lot of contracts.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>c.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Public clients tend to be hard to deal with because they’ll be blamed for any mistake:</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>They want everything to be clear and definite from day 1, but not to quantize the risk or uncertainty. Because the construction projects aren’t always the same and there won’t be standard answer. Only the professionals can offer solutions to remove the blocks huddling on the way since construction works start. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Theoretically, consensus must be collected before set up project goal, but the political requirement: compromise, prejudice and well wish will impede or distort the implementation. Any correction will have to undergo onerous procedural justification.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The experts' opinions will start with who will be the experts and end in the deaf ears of bureaucrats and those who think they represent the public opinions. It’s a kind of hubris under which the professionals are frustrated and have to be mute.</b></span></p><p></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Election and office change will complicate the matters as politicians and voters are not predictable. Sometimes U-turn is necessary; consequently, projects hard to finish is everywhere over the world.</b></span></p><div><br /></div><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>d. Investors,
private and public, are now asking the professional companies to work for them
as PCM, a good system but occasionally not functional because the clients don't
really delegate powers. The other extremity is the government agencies don't
have their own people installed in the high positions of the project to
determine how their true demand will be met in concert with financial
capability known to insiders.</b></span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p><br /></p>mtkaoforum3131.blogspot.tw/http://www.blogger.com/profile/01353164324501698355noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2576271459816084234.post-29477616530176368592023-03-12T21:33:00.004+08:002023-04-26T13:56:45.087+08:00<p><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><b> (</b></span><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><b>Part 2, </b></span><b style="color: red; font-size: x-large;">NTUST, 5908701)</b></p><p><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><b>Part 2, Advanced Civil Construction, 台科大高等土木施工學教材(2023) </b></span></p><p>MT KAO (Blog: http://mtkaoforum31.blogspot.tw/)</p><p>(mtkaoforum31@gmail.com)</p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: large;"><b>3.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span> Construction Industry and its Significance to Total Economy:</b></span></p><p><br /></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;">1). An economy develops quickly if there is good infrastructure, or to lose momentum.</span></b></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>(1). Quick developing economy really needs good infrastructure to keep bustling, or to lose momentum. Several years ago, in IT-savvy India, the dilapidated roads, ports, and power systems often slash several point GDP off every year while Japan, Asian tigers, and China seem not to be bothered by poorly or untimely construction of infrastructure for their economic success.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>Understand the Infrastructure development is important in poverty alleviation and has a multiplier effect to enhance the efficiency and quality of manufacturing, Indian government create plans to build road network, railway, airport, power station and transmission line, to improve the connectivity between the states. The annual high economic growth rate is forecast making India now the 5th largest economy in the world. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>Always the countries begin to build infrastructure works before setting up their light and heavy industry, and service sector; and it means civil engineers will benefit from economy prosperity and then mechanical, electrical and chemical engineers. </b></span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>2). Infrastructure projects construction stimulates demand of building material, machine and tools, furniture, and services; thus, speed up industrious development. And when economy grows, the construction market thrives.</b></span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>(1). Construction of infrastructure projects requires not only industrious product and machines but also augmenting services such as engineering, advertisement, house sales, financing transactions creating economic growth and upgrading. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>Construction will become the locomotive of the domestic economy. It’s also the reason that the state will always support the construction in terms of budgeting, resource allocation and nurture of the industry to ensure the development of the country and regions. </b></span></p><p><b style="color: #660000; font-size: large;">(2). On the other hand, when social and economic developments come up, the tax revenue and personal income will increase, the public and private work boom will be ensued, as individuals are more affordable to pay the mortgage and government will have more money to improve the environment that people live in.</b></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>(3). When a country encounters an economic downturn, the quickest way to introduce a recovery and to reduce the pressing unemployment rate shall be spending as much as possible in the infrastructure as the transaction will always remain in the region. </b></span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>3). Young countries need civil engineers to draw national development plans for years and decades up to cabinet level. It is the term “technocrats" for people with expertise hard to be replaced under different regimes. </b></span></p><p><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>Possibly the political life for those
technocrats will outlive the politicians embracing rival ideology for each
other. Usually in a society with political parties hostile against each other,
the technocrats, handling public affairs can still be allowed to stay neutral;
so the plans, designs, budget and regulations they draw will be respected.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>It's particularly true when the government of a state is gripped in the hands of group of conviction politicians that the technocrats may be assigned for the management of big national projects or state run enterprises. Their chance of success is high because always such kind of governments in certain developing economies will designate strategy project or industries as national pride. The means will include money and talents concentration and foreign competition fending off; and it will translate into the career longevity of the engineers.</b></span> </p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>4). Construction people sometimes risked to become accomplices of powerful people stealing public money. The infrastructure contracts usually involve tremendous sums and require different sub tier companies to perform the works; the illicit money is easy to hide and park. The contractors are easily to be blamed. </b></span> </p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>(1). Contractors always excuse the need to survive as the reason to be part of the kleptocracy, but the truth is construction contracts can be lucrative, and most of the times doesn’t show flaws. Therefore, contractors always believe the politicians are powerful enough, and </b></span><b style="color: #660000; font-size: large;"> able to protect the business man until the last moment. </b></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>In the final reckoning, the politicians will sacrifice the contractors without hesitation, and only then the contractors will know the protection they really have is ephemeral.</b></span></p><p><b style="color: #660000; font-size: large;"> </b><b style="color: #660000; font-size: large;">The Politicians always collaborate with the riches, so that power and wealth begat more power and wealth to allow ruling class stay forever; at least they hope so. History will tell that the exploitation of the ruled and the squander of the natural resource will finally have an end.</b><b style="color: #660000; font-size: large;"> </b></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>(2). There will be limit that the Powerful and the riches can spoil the nation in theory, as the economy in a country has its size. But in reality, the harm can't be controlled as there are wicket foreign governments eager to provide unstringed loans and aids in the name of infrastructure development to the irresponsible regime who may surrender everything to cash in for the cost required for ruling. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>Therefore, many developing countries with abundant resources can be end up in debt and poverty, the so-called resource curses; because the politicians and their cronies will take every advantage of the countries' limited fortune. Under the circumstance the money spent will never buy worthy and required infrastructure and civil work contractors are highly blamed. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>The bad story of construction conglomerate, Odebrecht of Brazil demonstrates the farce/tragedy in the past few years: presidents, premiers, ministers, parliamentarian, businessman and people of significant suicided, imprisoned, indicted in more than 10 countries.</b></span> (http://mtkaoforum31.blogspot.com/2019/04/).</p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>In some countries, the resources are poor but the politicians still ravenous, even will use their control of the access to the market and the people to make money. It’s so called gate keeping country.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>(3). Professionalism should be the only antidote to fight the avarice and impunity behind the organized corruption. Ethic education has to be enforced since the early days of engineers training. Of course, it needs time and patience to take effect especially in a society of obscurity.</b></span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: large;"><b>4. Young Engineers Must Determine the Earlier the Better in their Career, based on Personality, Talent or Linkage, to Work as</b></span>:</p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>1). Consultant or Contractor.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>2)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Technical or Managerial cadet. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>3)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Domestic or International figure. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>4)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Employed or boss.</b></span></p><p><br /></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">Before to make certain for what you really want to be, people have to understand your own:</span></b></p><p><span style="color: #351c75; font-size: medium;"><b>a.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Personality - introvert or extrovert, competitive or temperate, simple or sophisticated, like to work in solo or in group, daring or scrupulous, acute or blunt, commanding or compliant, polemics or suave, etc.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #351c75; font-size: medium;"><b>b.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Capability - knowledge, expertise, proficiency, logic, skill, common sense, morality quotient, etc.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #351c75; font-size: medium;"><b>c.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Background and experience – family, friends, teachers, seniors, neighbors, etc.</b></span></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">Objectively, one’s education and training are also essential for the choices, and the followings shall be considered:</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #351c75; font-size: medium;">a.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Expertise: geotechnics, structure, architecture, hydrology and irrigation, roadwork, coastal and marine, mechanic, electric, HVAC, etc.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #351c75; font-size: medium;">b.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Disciplines: planning, design, construction methodology, survey and set out, supervision, drafting, progress, quality assurance and control, cost control, quantity survey, machine and plant control, contract administration, litigation, inventory, first aid, financial management, accounting, information, administration, etc.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #351c75; font-size: medium;">c.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Diploma, licenses, certificates, on job training, etc.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #351c75; font-size: medium;">d.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Professional " skill": complex problem solving, critical thinking, creativity, people management, coordinating with others, emotional intelligence, judgement and decision making, service orientation, negotiation, and cognitive flexibility, though not to be stringently followed but meaningful in the practice.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">Subjectively, Young engineers with appropriate attitude, inspiring leadership, sensitive to the humanity, knowing the industry trend and market change, are the winners among the professionals.</span></b></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: large;"><b>5. The Modern Construction Industry and its Major Players:</b></span></p><p> </p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;">1). Frontage Players:</span></b></p><p><br /></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">(1)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span> General Contractors:</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #20124d; font-size: medium;">a.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>In most countries (markets), general contractors are leaders of construction industry commanding critical portion of resource and exercising vast influence in democratic government and authoritative regimes alike. Wherever their interests go, the construction tycoons can decide how infrastructure projects are done, and affect politic at different levels.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #20124d; font-size: medium;">Given the imagination that big construction company always have the clout to maneuver for what they want, young talents flock to them before they know the industry. The stories of power and money associated with construction projects are tellingly true from country to country as the industry get momentum to grow and prosper before any other business have chances to evolve.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #20124d; font-size: medium;">b.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>However, in countries like Taiwan, the wary authority and public are too eager to see the competition flared among the contractors and always think it's a good way to save government expenditure. So, every contracting procedure related to public works from budget allocation till their completion is mired with details presumed to plague constructors so public interest can be safeguarded. There it develops a mentality that the consultants responsible for design and supervision can be more trust-able to protect public interest in the ceaseless feuding with pigheaded contractors.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #20124d; font-size: medium;">As a result, the bureaucrats and public prefer to ask the contractors to do the works according to what had been specified on the drawings, i.e. pure construction; they believe they would be able to prevent collusion by squeezing the space normally granted to designer and contractor for settling the ensuing conflict.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #20124d; font-size: medium;">c.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The purposed regulation as explained above existed so long has weaken the contractors; besides, in a society much influenced by Confucian culture, the traditional teaching that the scholars are superior to any other social classes further reinforce the prejudice that the employees of constructors working outdoors under all-weather would be secondary to pedants shouting instructions in the air conditioned rooms.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #20124d; font-size: medium;">Finally, the employees of general contractors have to do the grinding part of the works to ensure punctual completion and well-functioning of the projects, which is nerve raking throughout entire contract period. And in return construction engineers only received diminishing amount of pay under constant annoyance that the threshold for tenderer to cross is lowered time after time allowing more people to contend.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #20124d; font-size: medium;">d.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>It's true that general contractors in Taiwan were not so privileged compared to the coddled consulting firms because of some historical and cultural reasons. However, constructor of the 21st century should not only be able to deliver timely and quality completion of the projects, he needs also to give the clients solutions for challenges and risks brought by exceptional design, complicated operation and maintenance systems, special environmental protection requirement, unique financial arrangement; and it means, the imbalance between the images of general contractors and consulting firms now tilts a little bit toward the former.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #20124d; font-size: medium;">It's also good for general contractors in Taiwan that the procurement laws and regulations overhauled in recent years: design and build contracts are welcome; division of business lines now blurred; BOT or BT style of contracting are taken and design consultants can be put under sovereignty of general contractors; projects become more sizable and fit for companies with bigger assets; labor law is more sensible thus favorable the contractors' employees who used to work in onerous long hours.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #20124d; font-size: medium;">The trend compels owners, governmental or private, to accept more reasonable and liberal form of contracting, so that the constructors can pursue expertise and efficiency they need for true competition. Obviously, general contractors burdened with less red tape and enjoyed elevated status, are the biggest winners in the change</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #20124d; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p>(綜合承商簽約金額龐大,掌握資源,對基礎工程是否、或如何施作有影響力,甚至介入政治。在許多國家,工程先於其他產業發展,為錢與權力結合之最明顯例證。</p><p><br /></p><p>台灣之工程業,自早期因公眾將成本經費置於優位,政府主其事者亦鼓勵競爭,故設計監造者必站在施工者對立面,土木營造必與機電設備承商分業。因此於初期,綜合承商受眾多限制,只能按圖施工,再加上儒家思想認不動手設計者需有高學歷,較為尊重,顧問公司工作者相對有優越感。</p><p><br /></p><p>目前新形勢,統包盛行,工程漸趨複雜化,綜合承商空間較前為大,其經理人與工程師需付較重責任,相對權力、薪酬與社會地位也將提高,此發展應為正面。)</p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>(2)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span> Consulting Engineers:</b></span></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">a.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The difference between the professionals and occupational regarding business ethics and attitude is that the former's must be dutiful, intelligent and conscientious for their clients and the latter do their works following the orders. To honor and guard the professionalism, the professional decisions in no way should be compromised, twisted and altered by particular one's interest, thronged opinions, or any form of punishment.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">When engineers' re trusted and confided with responsibilities for safety, functioning, aesthetic, durability, budgeting and sturdy completion of construction projects, their judgement, opinions, and integrity must be respected, and most important, their service must be remunerated fairly as it's the backbone to support the idea that the professionals are the brains of their client.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">b.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The professionalism allotted to engineers usually include investigation, feasibility study, planning, design, supervision, project management and other services related to civil and building works, both public and private. In Taiwan, how the engineering service is practiced is sanctioned in "Professional Engineer Act":</span></b></p><p> <span style="color: #38761d; font-size: medium;"><b>Article 7 A professional engineer shall practice the profession in any of </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: medium;"><b> the following manners:</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: medium;"><b> 1. Establish an engineering office organized as a sole proprietorship or partnership. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: medium;"><b> 2. Establish a professional engineering consulting firm or be hired by one.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: medium;"><b> 3. Hired by a profit-seeking enterprise or entity, other than those mentioned in the preceding </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: medium;"><b> subparagraph, which is required by law to hire a licensed professional engineer.</b></span></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">c.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>If we trace the history, we will know that professional engineering service was originally taken by individual engineers or the partnership they formed. In modern-days, projects for all complex nature not only require advanced technology; but also need proposals with exceptional commercial skill to augment chances of as-planned completion or to seek ways of meaningful mitigation. So, it takes kind of "omniscient "corporation consisting of bright people who are able to offer inclusive solutions at all times.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">Apparently, the professionals can well exercise their knowledge and skill disregard what their choice to sign the contracts in "proprietorship", "partnership" or "corporation", but the industrial reality is that a corporation big enough may be better to accumulate experience, possess data, search for information, and churn out proposals.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">Yes, only they are big they can have lots of talents adhered to share office equipment and software cost and are more affordable to meet the client's fastidious demands. Besides, financing, accounting, and administration rendered by big corporation will support the engineer for activities now needed to be more expeditious but intact, which can hardly be found in partnership and small company.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">It's understandable when the clients want to make award the engineering jobs of multi-discipline nature, they feel more comfortable to engage with organizations of size and reputation. But such an observation shall not be over interpreted as that the big corporation doesn't have any problem in performance and cost.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">d.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>So, a lot of clients today when want to make award of the engineering jobs of multi-discipline nature, they feel more comfortable to engage with organizations of size and reputation. But such an observation shall not be over interpreted as that the big corporation doesn't have any problem in performance and cost.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">But it’s just a trend and shall not be over interpreted as that the big corporations may have their own problem in performance and cost.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">e.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>We all know the professionalism stems from individualism and entails characteristics unique to each professional: vision, responsibility, work attitudes, which shall be prerequisite to shape a concerted team undertaking sophisticated engineering works in competition with individual or more coherent partnership for efficiency and responsiveness.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">Remuneration to the professionals remains a big problem in managing engineering companies as people always view their own performance impeccable and believes they are entitled for more than regular salary and bonus. The arguments often focused in profit sharing, and stays at every junction where company elite flaunt their eminence. People may imagine there could be a terminal arbiter in big engineering company busy to dole out verdicts to assure everybody's material and vanity reward will be met, but that's not realistic. </span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">For small engineering companies, the bosses usually grumble for the employees’ impatience to demand profit sharing before showing their contribution; but the hired will also complain their performance is never recognized.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">The wish wise men may be there for positive intervention is a pipe dream in the real world; instead, egocentric human nature will prevail. Discords and disputes always happen between the quarreling parties, and the burst out usually take the form that people arguing over things abstract and philosophic like vision, responsibility, work attitudes, but money is behind, if contradiction not solved the result will be exodus of high minded people, or the cooling down of remaining people's motives to learn new skill and knowledge.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">Modern professionals’ firms will use options such as extended partnership or stock warrant awarding to employees to keep their loyalty. It's important because many people consider the company's gain is only possible with their affectionate engagement and they're deserved to share profit as partners. The idea is different with the bonus and prizes scheme applied for companies to sell material, product, or simple services; requiring employees clinging to positions and to do more or less countable works.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">The idea is different with the bonus and prizes scheme applied for companies to sell material, product, or simple services; which only ask employees sticking to positions and to do works countable and not unique for individuals. It may not be suitable for sizable and sophisticated consultancy; but a practice in Taiwan for national enterprises.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">f.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>In Taiwan, the government handled the importation of construction technology closely during the days that the resources were scarce, and many of the engineers were trained on jobs like dam, petrochemical complex, expressway and military installations. To counter balance the more advanced international companies, the government then sponsored big consulting and construction firms with the view that they could be reliable and competitive to carry out public work for the future.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">Years after, the government was forced to withdraw from the construction companies sponsored as private contractors won over contention. However, the public consulting firms still remain and dominant in the engineering market, as they still receive the trust and patronage of government agencies anxious to launch infrastructure projects.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">The arrangement can solve remuneration problem in many professionals’ firms, however, it's not elixir for small engineering companies, the bosses of which always grumbled that the employees are impatient to demand profit sharing before showing contribution; but the hired complained their performance not recognized all the time.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">g.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The government funded consultants pay their engineers of salary, bonus and dividends similar to what has been arrayed in other public enterprises of much less professionalism content. The practice omit that the services originally are individual-oriented and in the case of corporation the people must fetch not much less than their colleagues under sole proprietorship or partnership. Over time the side effect not pay enough to professionals will appear: efficiency discounted, talent lost to other industries, projects other than routinely implemented need to be done by international consultants.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">The government funded consultants are more obedient to follow contract terms arbitrarily interpreted by public servants short of flexibility in forecasting project requirement and rectifying them later. So, the government agencies prefer to award sizable engineering works to government funded consultants and thus strengthen their dominant position in the industry despite private design firms always crying foul saying that the state shouldn't interfere the market. </span></b></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>It's nothing wrong in a society actually embraces egalitarianism and hates to pay some of professions high price to continue the practice contracting with government funded consultants for low cost and in time delivery of engineering works as a safety play of the officials.</b></span><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">But when technology bred domestically may not be sufficiently advanced as the result of individual's lacking of incentives because there’s only one buyer for the public works-the government. The foreign consultants or architects will be eager to fill technical gap but only at dear prices. </span></b></p><p><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">And
any attempt that the government agencies to ask affiliated firms to bridge the
difference in terms of price and contractual obligation will only to bring
further procrastination and induce secondary damages as the one who really have
to deliver the works will have leeway to dodge their responsibility.</span></b></span></p><p>(專業工程師掌握工程成敗、經費、品質良劣,業主賴之。早期設計、監造,係由具自信與自尊之個人技師、工匠或專家個人名義或形態擔任,現大工程須為擁百、千人之顧問公司承擔,惟台灣之技師法,仍要求專業人員在其能力、判斷、與倫理對業主負責,由字句語義,可看出立法原意,然在實務上,工程變成大而複雜,如何讓團隊發揮效率,又不出錯,是顧問公司經營挑戰。</p><p>但台灣工程發展壯大經過,可看出從早期技術須由國外引進時,都由政府統一辦理,以圖利用及掌控有限之資源;或因社會變遷,民間實力增強,故政府力量就由施工方面撤退,但因信心關係,在設計顧問業仍為其掌握。故台灣在工程產業仍有廻異於先進國家之處,此可由公共工程費率、合約條件、乃至顧問公司經理與資深工程師薪酬等看得出來。)</p><div><br /></div>mtkaoforum3131.blogspot.tw/http://www.blogger.com/profile/01353164324501698355noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2576271459816084234.post-55786968553549657182023-02-27T18:36:00.010+08:002023-04-26T13:58:35.323+08:00<p><span style="color: red;"><b> (<span style="font-size: medium;">Part 1,</span><span style="font-size: x-large;"> </span>NTUST, 5908701)</b></span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><b>Part 1, Advanced Civil Construction, 台科大高等土木施工學教材(2023) </b></span></p><p>MT KAO (Blog: http://mtkaoforum31.blogspot.tw/)</p><p>(mtkaoforum31@gmail.com)</p><p><br /></p><p><b><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: large;">1.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Change in Professional’s Earning and Social Status since Industrial Revolution; the Tendency the Young Engineers Drifting to the Unpredictable World Need to Know:</span></b></p><p><br /></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;">1).<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Comparison between the income through personal capability and efforts and that from investment and bequests. It changes since the industrial revolution and has influenced the allocation of talent.</span></b></p><p><br /></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">(1).<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Prior to the industrial revolution in Europe, the ratio between the wealth generated from investment and bequeath was high compared to that generated from laboring (through personal capability and efforts). The ratio dropped significantly during the world war I and reached its lowest in 1970s symbolizing technology improvement was on the way and general public including professional had shared the benefit. But the figure raised up slightly in the years around 2010 - a possibility that it might be caused by affection of digital technology and globalization.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">(2). Proper income in 19 Century means at least you have to obtain 20 to 30 times of average national income, and only top 1% people would achieve it so as to be considered as riches. Professions like lawyer, accountant and engineer would get at best 10 times of average national income and considered as slightly better than the “poor”.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">(3). Lines from “Capital in the Twenty-First Century” by Thomas Piketty, “Le Pere Goriot” by H Balzac, to tell how the excellent brains were paid by ruling class historically:</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">“Your annual income will be 1,200 Franc when you’re in 30’s without giving up rob of blending. You can get married with daughter from gristmill collecting rent 6,000 livre annually. If you’re lucky you can have 5,000 Franc annual incomes as a public attorney, and you can marry with mayor’s daughter. If you don’t mind to do something under table, you could become general attorney at your 40s. But allow me to remind you, there’re only 20 general attorneys in entire France, and the number of the people thirst for the jobs maybe more than 20,000, among them many clowns ready to sell out their relatives and friends. If you don’t do this; you can be a lawyer, spend 1,000 franc every month to borrow a small office; for 10 years you must keep relationship with the people, kiss any solicitor you knows rob and beg him to reward you some cases, in addition, you need to bow to every people you meet in the court as a lawyer. Tell me can you tell the names of 5 lawyers younger than 50 in Paris who have had annual income more than 50,000 Franc?” (Vautrin said to Rastignac)</span></b></p><p><br /></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;">2).<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>How the excellent brains were paid by ruling class who dominate the economy and the industries historically? </span></b></p><p><br /></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">(1). Bonaparte Napoleon first noticed the problem and agreed to give high pay to reward his ministers so that they might match the aristocrats for respectable living, which means an income no less than 50 to 100 times of average national income.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">(2). Before industrialization, farmland was main source of wealth and income in Europe and US, and government bonds issued in countries able to manage fiscally. There’s no means that personal talent or professional skill would earn a decent income for individuals. (The only way people to remain in or ascend to high society had to go through inheritance or marriage.)</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">(3). After World War I the professionals continued to increase their income and wealth by their own merit, people started to herald it as the beginning of a new era of more inclusive capitalism and trusted the trend would not revert. But what happened between 1980 and now proving that it was just a transitory deviation.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">(4). Globalization facilitates the fluidity of the commodity/service in the international market and set the cap in every economy for wages. One of the reasons the said ratio continues to go down after 1980s.</span></b></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>3).<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>What will a young civil engineer choose to be? Occupational, professionals or super managers. Is it correct to borrow “meritocratic extremism” to justify the tremendous pay difference between capitalist/ rent seekers and hard-workers?</b></span></p><p><br /></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">(1). Will it be practical for engineers to follow code of engineering ethic in terms of faith, integrity, law abiding, and conduct of secrecy at the era when digital economy and artificial intelligence is about to dominate.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">(2). Engineering ethic request the engineers to take responsibility toward society, environment and the colleagues. As FIDIC maintains: To be fully effective not only must engineers constantly improve their knowledge and skills, but also society must respect the integrity and trust the judgement of members of the profession and remunerate them fairly. And it’s the brief requirement.</span></b></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>4).<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Technology improvement makes economy flourish and life better, still some people in each social class has to struggle for livelihood and survival as distribution inequality persist. Will the engineers whose expertise and knowledges be replaced by digital software and artificial intelligence fall in the category in their life time?</b></span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>(1). As technology improves, the mid income people can enjoy comfortable life far better than many of their forbearers in higher centile of income.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>(2). The engineering services need to obtain their clients’ trust and confidence, distinguishing them with the manufactured products and/or services by ordinary people. Compared with workers, clerks and other occupational, the professionals place much attention to guarantee the quality of their output and refrained from remuneration based on quantity completed especially within specific time. He thinks and acts on behalf of his client and always consider himself is unique in delivery of art, crafts and services committed to the client. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>(3). But now that significant share of the income shaped by skill-biased and capital augmenting technical change; the professionals of conventional definition may not be in a steering position, that software, tradable programs and even AI will do much of the engineers’ job diminishing their clout in retaining work opportunities and sharing income. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>(4). Is actually income generated by digital capital shared with certain kinds of complementary human capital, including innovators, entrepreneurs, and top executives? Among them, the super managers with winner take all mentality popular in US deserve our attention because they may pride themselves with “meritocratic extremism”, nose in the air.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>(5). The “information technology intensity of a company”-as measured by the ratio of its IT capital stock to its total stock –rises in modern engineering company demanding more return than from human capitals previously formed by employed engineers.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>6).<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span> When the income generated by digital capital becomes more significant, at the same time corporate governance practices and social norms will also change allowing more rent-seeking behavior because there will be less humanity control by smart machine and AI. Will it be the same easy to and simple for professionals to follow code of engineering ethic when their sharing in total company income much less than before</b></span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>5) The professional tomorrow: Let AGI (Artificial General Intelligent) to take over and accept “Le Droit à la Paresse” (“The Right to be Lazy”) while living on Universal Basic Income dispensed by the government; or become 21st century Luddites against automatic machine? )</b></span> </span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>(1). Artificial General Intelligence; Strong AI, weak AI, Open AI, generative AI, ChatGPT, Bard.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>(2). Speed over Safety: </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>- For example, Deepfakes can defame, impersonate, and spread disinformation to harass or cheat the people and things can be corrupted faster as technology advance.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>- The way tech companies monetized connectedness: by slowly warping our news feeds to optimize for engagement</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>- AI-oriented Bing search engine will drive more traffic and revenue, to publishers and the advertisers.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>(3). The right to be Lazy and Universal Basic Income.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>(4). Luddites.</b></span></p><p> </p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;">6). Can “Engineering as a Vocation” be honored in Taiwan when material reward is meager compared with devotion paid? Can the passion, inspiration and rationality as a professional be kept as the vocation is life time choice?</span></b></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: large;"><b>2.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>How will Young man Start his Professional Career</b></span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>1)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>To learn how the government operates and the economy function in the real world and the existence of political institutions, social establishment, and commercial interest groups:</b></span></p><p><br /></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">(1). Young professionals must learn the way that political institutions, social elites, and interest groups interact and influence with each other and make the government operational and the economy functioning through compromise. </span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">In a democracy or open society, still the elite instead of general people, will settle and conclude for government agenda, economic plans and procedural norms. And the engineers are those who command and not commanded. They will and have to contribute their intelligence during the course. </span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">As professionals, it's essential for the engineers to know who are the ultimate stakeholders, their feeling or wishes for something to or not to happen, and choose for the public for the most sensible and efficient way to meet their expectation according to the custom, market rules, and not the least, regulations and laws.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">Never mind the possibility that bad side of humanity always have chances to get through in an open society and free market; and trust that the corruption and rent seeking will be decimated under long practice of liberalism and democracy. </span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">(2). A young beginner has to think bigger than what he will have learnt from the textbook which present to him maybe a serene technological realm; rather, he has to learn reasoning, contention and compromise that always happening in a bustling world from the outset. </span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">We trust that a candid engineer with sufficient secularity knowledge will be able to save the industry and the world one day.</span></b></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>2)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Construction business is attached to history, culture and custom of the country and society. A successful engineer has to know humanity, social behaviors, tradition and conventional wisdom; not dismiss them as redundancy soon to be discarded in the process of modernization.</b></span> </span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>(1). Civil engineering is always considered as sort of physical science. The employees or managers of construction companies usually need to have engineering expertise; this is especially true in developing countries where the non-mechanical knowledge could be underwhelmed in the academy and the work place.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>Unlike manufacturing or IT industries, construction has its origin and background in history, culture, custom, geography, and even memory, it links to human affairs, conventional, reflective but also transformative and thus require both rational approach and sentimental interpretation. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>So, even people proselytized by modern engineering teachings must understand that the contracts and the trading system for construction can be functioning only when they conform to the traditional market behavior as it’s a collective mindset of the society. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>(2). The professional knowledge isn't the same as common sense and experience derived in daily life by any person. It's of professionals' the pride made them distinguished from ordinary people, however, the exercise of them so as to apply the concept, principle and information learnt correctly, need professional " skill", the ability leading to success. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>World Economic Forum (WEF) in 2020 consider the most important professional " skill" consist of the ability for: complex problem solving, critical thinking, creativity, people management, coordinating with others, emotional intelligence, judgement and decision making, service orientation, negotiation, and cognitive flexibility, though not to be stringently followed but are meaningful. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>(3). An engineer sometimes may feel frustrated when he encountered resistance trying to promote top notch infrastructure projects but fails to convince the general public. However, he should realize the implementation of public works should always be kind of choices rather than direct conviction that pure scientific matter will rule.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>The civil engineers should realize the efforts he rendered explaining the new idea or criticize the existing unreasonable things will not be in vain, because each time he gives reasoning, persuasion and novel idea, he can shake, crumble, and change public perception incrementally and it finally will be crystalized in his favor, the process further demonstrate the construction industry is not a yes or no scientific verdict.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>On the other hand, the civil engineer should also know all the information give to public will only be considered as brute data instead of precise evidence, which can be refine or redefined as environment and situation will change from time to time.</b></span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>3)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Engineering is an art rather than a science: approaches to the clients, colleagues or even competitors should be more civic and in tight link with humanity and common sense.</b></span></p><p><br /></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">It's easy for an engineer, to accept science and engineering fundamental in school and become a good expert afterward; but one has to grow to lead his company and industry for a successful career. In doing so, he needs to widen his visions and secure more humanities concern because the "construction" is an art rather than a science in nature.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">Only because the "construction" is to serve with the human needs and its realistic business nature, the communication between the involving parties is critical. Client, colleagues, and even competitors must be linked and coordinated in a civilize way or the said cold science will result in wasted money and time.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">However, people living in a real world should not be too sentimental and a civil engineer also should be logic and scientific for all the adaptation.</span></b></p><p><br /></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;">4)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The corruption and rent seeking will be hard to diminish in the construction business, however, it will be reduced in an open society and free market. An engineer will only be prosperous to learn reasoning, contention and compromise in a bustling democracy.</span><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></p><p><br /></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">(1). Definition: “Rent-seeking” is the act of growing one's existing wealth by manipulating the social or political environment without creating new wealth (Wikipedia).</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">(2). An engineering decision shall not be bent or twisted facing force, power, or unjustified persuasion made by public, prestigious, client or third parties. </span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>5)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The professionals don't produce, manufacture or build, they offer design solutions based on knowledge accrued through education and training. Plus, it requires good "judgement" based on experience, analysis and creativity, distinguishing them from ordinary people.</b></span></p><p><br /></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">So, the professional has to exercise good "judgement" based on experience, analysis and endeavors to accomplish missions assigned to him by the project. It's the most difficult parts for the professionals because only a humble and experienced engineer believes this's an uncertain world that only through endless efforts the probability of success will possibly rise up.</span></b></p><p><br /></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;">6)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Right altitude shall be most important for freshmen: steadfast when offered elementary skill and details, passionate with curiosity breeding innovation and creativeness leading to maturity, and trust the systems and accept the lead of the higher-up with patience.</span></b></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>(1). Always the new starters don't appreciate the facts that technology advances only going through repetitive working on simple topics in the boring assignment at the beginning of their career. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>People dream about the prospect to be doyens in the field but lack the passion to learn expertise through the hard work. Sometimes they’re excusable for being exploited by the lackluster leaders in the early stage of their career. For this, they’ve to see if the passion of their colleagues, alumni and people surrounded still there, and decide whether or not themselves to stay. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>Though the defiance to the establishment, either the organizations or the higher-up usually happens, young engineers modest in their approach at workplace will be able to develop the leadership, and attain the knowledge required for professionalism and humanity. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>And it means the kind of gracious start will grant them prominent positions in the industry and help to grip the trend of market change.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>(2). Because people always want to judge the other people in simplest and quickest; engineers must try to obtain as many as possible licenses, certificates, and academic degrees in their young days.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>Though success in passing examination and enduring the training may not guarantee the achievement in the career, the tendency is that the diplomat and certificates will help people a lot in a busy business world. </b></span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>7)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Young engineers must understand the modern construction industry essentially is governed with human distrust: terms of contracts, laws, certificates, checks, guarantees, tests, investigations and reports, are used to instigate the antagonism between, the parties with confronting interests.</b></span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>(1). There is tendency, especially in the developed countries that the added value allocated in the name to protect the interest of ultimate owner/investor has outweighed the expense spent for the engineering and construction of the projects. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>Insouciantly, the engineers have lost their importance playing their roles and the professionalism rooted at trust and confidence between the clients and engineers dissipated while legal and financial people stepping in.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>(2). Young professionals with less confrontational mentality have to strive to turn the tide so that “non engineer’s” encroachment and domination on the industry should be reduced so as to prove that the technical world still belongs to the engineers.</b></span></p><p><br /></p>mtkaoforum3131.blogspot.tw/http://www.blogger.com/profile/01353164324501698355noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2576271459816084234.post-60535626290753281202023-02-05T00:01:00.006+08:002023-04-26T13:59:34.844+08:00<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US">(Curriculum, NTUST, 5908701) </span>Advanced Civil Construction</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">MT KAO (Blog:
http://mtkaoforum31.blogspot.tw/)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">(mtkaoforum31@gmail.com) <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> 台科大高等土木施工學教材(2022)</span></p><p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: large;"><b>Brief for Semester Start from Feb.
2023</b></span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>1.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Change in Professional’s Earning and Social Status since Industrial Revolution; the Tendency the Young Engineers Drifting to the Unpredictable World Need to Know:</b></span></p><p>(工業革命以來,專業人才相對於其他階層,其收入與社會地位的變化;將以工程做為終生志業,奉獻一切的年輕工程師應該了解:)</p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>1)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Comparison between the income through personal capability and efforts and that from investment and bequests. It changes since the industrial revolution and has influenced the allocation of talent.</b></span></p><p>(收入係因個人能力與努力而來,與由投資或遺贈而來,兩者消長之比較,自工業革命以來變化很大,影響到人才之歸依。)</p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #660000;">2)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>How the excellent brains were paid by ruling class who dominate the economy and the industries historically?</span><span style="color: #990000;"> </span></b></span></p><p>(歷史上經濟與產業宰制階級,如何報償第一流頭腦?)</p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>3)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>What will a young civil engineer choose to be? Occupational, professionals or super managers. Is it correct to borrow “meritocratic extremism” to justify the tremendous pay difference between capitalist/ rent seekers and hard-workers?</b></span></p><p>(年輕土木工程師要選擇:一般職業、特殊專業,或超級經理人?既得利益者是否可以極端的菁英優越感,來合理化資本家/尋租者,與辛勤工作者龐大的報酬差距?)</p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>4)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Technology improvement makes economy flourish and life better, still some people in each social class has to struggle for livelihood and survival as distribution inequality persist. Will the engineers whose expertise and knowledges be replaced by digital software and artificial intelligence fall in the category in their life time?</b></span></p><p>(技術的進步讓經濟發展,生活舒適,但所得分配不能平均,讓任何時候,任何階級,都有人為生活掙扎,為生存擔心;同樣的如果今天的工程師,他的專業、知識,那天為數位軟體與人工智慧取代,是不是也要成為無所依靠者?)</p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>5) The professional tomorrow: Let AGI (Artificial General Intelligent) to take over and accept </b></span><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b> “Le Droit à la Paresse” (“The Right to be Lazy”) while</b></span><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b> living on Universal Basic Income dispensed by the government; or become 21st century Luddites against automatic machine?</b></span><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b> )</b></span></p><p>(專業工程師的明天:讓強大的AGI接手一切,然後同意法國名言「人們有權變懶惰」,靠政府發給的基本生活補助過活;或成為21世紀,搗毀一切自動化機器的盧德派抗議派工人? )</p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>6)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Can “Engineering as a Vocation” be honored in Taiwan when material reward is meager compared with devotion paid? Can the passion, inspiration and rationality as a professional be kept as the vocation is life time choice?</b></span></p><p>(「工程成為一種志業」的想法,在台灣收入相對付出不多的情況下,能持續為大家尊重?專業工程師賴以保持動力,所必要的熱情、靈感與理性能夠維持下去嗎?)</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>2.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>How will Young men Start his Professional Career?</b></span></p><p>(年輕人如何學習去做一個優秀工程師?)</p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>1)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>To learn how the government operates and the economy function in the real world and the existence of political institutions, social establishment, and commercial interest groups.</b></span></p><p>(要了解現實世界中,政府如何運行,經濟是如何作用;以及政治組織、社會階級和商業利益團體的存在。) </p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>2)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Construction business is attached to history, culture and custom of the country and society. A successful engineer has to know humanity, social behaviors, tradition and conventional wisdom; not dismiss them as redundancy soon to be discarded in the process of modernization.</b></span> </p><p>(工程事業植基於歷史、文化與社會習慣。成功的工程師必須知道人性、社會行為、傳統,與常識;不能認為在現代化過程這些都是累贅。)</p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>3)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Engineering is an art rather than a science: approaches to the clients, colleagues or even competitors should be more civic and in tight link with humanity and common sense.</b></span></p><p>(工程學很大的成分是藝術,而非科學:與業主、同事甚至競爭者溝通,應該是文明,且與人性與常識有更大的關係。)</p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>4)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The corruption and rent seeking will be hard to diminish in the construction business, however, it will be reduced in an open society and free market. An engineer will only be prosperous to learn reasoning, contention and compromise a bustling democracy. </b></span></p><p>在工程產業中,貪污與尋租,現實上無法根絕,但在開放社會與自由市場中,卻會輕緩。工程師只有在活潑的民主制度中,藉反覆的說理、競爭,與妥協中獲得成功。)</p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>5)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The professionals don't produce, manufacture or build, they offer design solutions based on knowledge accrued through education and training. Plus, it requires good "judgement" based on experience, analysis and creativity, distinguishing them from ordinary people.</b></span></p><p>(專業工程師並不親自生產或建造,他們係以由教育與訓練累積的知識,提出設計方案。與一般人不一樣的地方,就是能基於經驗、分析,與創意,而提出好的判斷。)</p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>6)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Right altitude shall be most important for freshmen: steadfast when offered elementary skill and details, passionate with curiosity breeding innovation and creativeness leading to maturity, and trust the systems and accept the lead of the higher-up with patience.</b></span></p><p>(對新進工程人員而言,正確的態度,包括學習基本功夫、深入細節時的沉穩;由好奇心孕育出改革、創新進化到成熟時的長保熱情;以及相信制度、接受先進前輩指導的耐心。)</p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">7)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Young engineers must understand the modern construction industry essentially is governed with human distrust: terms of contracts, laws, certificates, checks, guarantees, tests, investigations and reports, are used to instigate the antagonism between, the parties with confronting interests.</span></b></p><p>(另一方面,現代工程產業的複雜,很多是建立在人與人間的互不信任,契約條件、法律、證明、檢查、測試、保證、調查,報告等需求,更不用說挑起利益衝突者間爭議,再去協調解決的機制。)</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>3.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span> Construction Industry and its Significance to Total Economy:</b></span></p><p>(基礎工程與總體經濟發展的關係:)</p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>1). An economy develops quickly if there is good infrastructure, or to lose momentum.</b></span></p><p>(有好的基礎建設,經濟發展可以快速。)</p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>2). Infrastructure projects construction stimulates demand of building material, machine and tools, furniture, and services; thus, speed up industrious development. And when economy grows, the construction market thrives. </b></span></p><p>(進行基礎建設會刺激建材、機具與工具、家具與各項服務的需求。當經濟發展快速,營建市場繁榮。)</p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>3). Young countries need civil engineers to draw national development plans for years and decades up to cabinet level. It is the term “technocrats" for people with expertise hard to be replaced under different regimes. </b></span></p><p>年輕國家需土木工程師擬定多年國家發展計畫,直至內閣層級,故不同,甚至是敵對的政權會用同樣的技術官僚。)</p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>4). Construction people sometimes risked to become accomplices of powerful people stealing public money. The infrastructure contracts usually involve tremendous sums and require different sub tier companies to perform the works; the illicit money is easy to hide and park. The contractors are easily to be blamed. </b></span> </p><p>(工程師有時會淪為竊國政客的貪汙共犯,此因工程契約牽涉金錢數額龐大,又需多層包商共同完成工作,故容易藏錢。)</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>4. Young Engineers Must Determine the Earlier the Better in their Career, based on Personality, Talent or Linkage, to Work as:</b></span></p><p>(年輕工程師應依其個人特質、才能與背景儘速決定其職場選項:)</p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>1)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Consultant or Contractor.</b></span> (顧問公司或施工廠商) </p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">2)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Technical or Managerial cadet.</span></b> (技術或管理專業。)</p><p><span style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>3)</b></span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Domestic or International figure.</span></b></span> (國內或國際工程。)</p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>4)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b></span><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>Employed or boss. </b></span>(受雇者或老闆。)</p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>5.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Modern Construction Industry and its Major Players:</b></span></p><p>(現代營建業組成與參與者類:)</p><p><br /></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">1)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Frontage Players. </span></b></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #660000;"> </span><span style="color: #274e13;"> (1) General Contractors</span></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> (2) Consulting Engineers</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> (3) Architects</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> (4) Workers, Labor Gangs and Subcontractors</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> (5) Specialty Contractor</b></span></p><p><b><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"></span></b></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> (6) Employers</b></span></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">2)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Supporting Entities.</span></b></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #660000;"> </span><span style="color: #274e13;"> (1) Bank</span></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> (2) Insurance Company</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> (3) Investment Company or Fund</b></span></p><p><b><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"></span></b></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> (4) Operator</b></span></p><div><br /></div><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">3)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Third Party Participants: </span></b><b style="color: #660000; font-size: large;">notaries, lawyers, inspectors, laboratories, certifiers, </b></p><p><b style="color: #660000; font-size: large;">appraisers, unions, arbitrators</b></p><p><b style="color: #660000; font-size: large;"><br /></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">4)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Stakeholders</span></b></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #660000;"> </span><span style="color: #274e13;">(1) Public</span></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> (2) Authority</b></span></p><p><b><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"></span></b></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> (3) Neighborhood and Locals</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large; font-weight: bold;">6.</span><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: x-large; font-weight: bold; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large; font-weight: bold;">Remuneration, Feeling of Fulfilment, and Chances of Promotion in Different Entities</span>(在性質不同工程單位,可能遇到的狀況:待遇、滿意感,晉升機會)</p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #660000;">1)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Academy</span><span style="color: #274e13;"> </span></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> (1)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span> Nationalization and bureaucratization of educational institution.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> (2)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Fate, connections, and politic play significantly in the assignment and promotion</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> of faculty positions.</b></span><b style="color: #274e13; font-size: large;"> </b></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> (3)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Inspiration, heart and soul are still required in developing scientific and </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> engineering theories</b></span><b style="color: #274e13; font-size: large;"> </b></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> (4) Limited monetary remuneration augmented with infrequent plaudits complete </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> full reward scheme of scholars</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>2)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span> Professional entities such as architects and consulting firms</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> (1) The remuneration for working at architects and consultants is based on </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span><b style="color: #274e13; font-size: large;">expertise not be quantified.</b><b style="color: #274e13; font-size: large;"> </b></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> (2) The managers of architects and consulting firms are critical for a work </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> environment for efficiency and competition; deserving high income</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> (3) Gains such as profit, dividend, interest, rent and royalty are offered to the </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> employees in the form of company stock, partnership, or special agreement</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> (4) The rates and prices of consultancy contracts are low by international </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> standard, their pay expected continue to grow in Taiwan</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>3)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span> Construction firms</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> (1) Contractors command more resources than any other players in the industry </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span><b style="color: #274e13; font-size: large;">and the pay difference among their staffs is determined by contribution</b></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> (2) The construction companies are under marginal pressure to meet the </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> requirement</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> (3) EPC will allow the constructor to do the design and build works, and so the </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> construction firms are better to nurture the professionals, technical or </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> managerial </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> (4) Specialty contractors if have more control on expertise shall be more dominant </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> as the nature of the works when economy evolved and the project sophisticated</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #660000;">4)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span> Government Employees</span><span style="color: #274e13;"> </span></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> (1) In many Asian countries, the government employees are prestigious despite its </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span><b style="color: #274e13; font-size: large;">low salary and retrained power. The reasons may be the employment is </b></p><p><b style="color: #274e13; font-size: large;"> </b><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b>permanent and accessible by the graduates inexperienced but good at </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> examination</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> (2) But as the economy grows the government enact laws and regulations, much </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> less flexible for civil servants making them not so comfortable and hesitate to go </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span><b style="color: #274e13; font-size: large;">after the government posts</b></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>5)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span> Bosses or self-employed</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> (1) The rigor and aggressiveness to found an enterprise will only attach to a </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span><b style="color: #274e13; font-size: large;">young brain; so, people have to determine whether to be boss or self-employed at </b></p><p><b style="color: #274e13; font-size: large;"> </b><b style="color: #274e13; font-size: large;">early stage of life</b></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> (2) Though a contractor needs capital, follow engineers, business connections, </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> access to resources for execution; in Taiwan the sub-let system and high context </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> culture in favor of collaboration between the individuals will allows new comers </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> to become entrepreneurs before they’re matured</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> (3) Construction people often risked to become accomplices of authority, super or </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span><b style="color: #274e13; font-size: large;">sub tier contractors stealing public money. The fraud can be exposed and those </b></p><p><b style="color: #274e13; font-size: large;"> o</b><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b>nes forsaking ethic principles would be sacrificed. </b></span></p><p></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> (4) Unlike many developing worlds, Taiwan escaped endemic corruption during </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> and after the days massive infrastructure projects are under construction. If you </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> want to be a boss in Taiwan, the risk is smaller</b></span></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;">7.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Features of Construction Industry explained in 5M:</span></b></p><p>(以人、機、料、錢,市場說明營建業特質:)</p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>1) Man</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"> (1) Power to drive Individuals and Organizations to achieve Business Goal:</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"> -<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span> Nature of Power</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"> -<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span> Organization</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"> -<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span> Leaders</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"> -<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span> Power Distance</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"> (2) Managerial cadre:</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"> -<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span> Inflated Titles for Professionals</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"> -<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span> Recruitment</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"> - Manage self-motivated and highly intelligent workers</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"> -<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span> Professional and Occupational</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"> (3) Project-based or Department-oriented(functional) Management:</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"> -<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span> Diploma Over-Trump Proficiency</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"> -<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span> Company’s Shrived HQ</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"> (4) Personal and organizational behaviors:</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"> - Company Culture related to Size</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"> - High and Low Context Cultures</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"> (5) Labor laws, quality, incentives, unions</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"> -<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span> Labor and Taxation Laws in Taiwan</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"> -<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span> Taiwan’s Scrupulous Professionals</span></b></p><div><b style="color: #660000; font-size: large;">2) Machine</b></div><div><b style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #274e13;"><br /></span></b></div><div><span style="color: #274e13;"><b style="font-size: large;"> </b><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>(1) Prototype, bespoke; portable, fixed</b></span></span></div><div><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> (2) Operation, maintenance and repair</b></span></div><div><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> (3) Rental and owning</b></span></div><div><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> (4) Construction method and the machine/plant selected</b></span></div><div><br /></div><p> <b style="color: #660000; font-size: large;">3) Material</b></p><p><b style="color: #660000; font-size: large;"> </b><span style="color: #274e13;"><b style="font-size: large;"> </b><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>(1) Local and Conventional Material shall be chosen for Construction</b></span></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> (2) Green Construction</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> (3) Material and Equipment incorporated into Permanent Project</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> (4) Nominated Subcontractor</b></span></p><div><br /></div><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>4) Money</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #660000;"> </span><span style="color: #274e13;"> </span></b></span><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b>(1) Payment: cash, in kinds or goods (barter), deferred (BT), franchise revenue </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> (BOT, PFI)</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> (2) Standard international contracts to regulate: FIDIC, NEC3 (New Engineering </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> Contract3), AIA(American Institute of Architects), JCT forms of Contract(Joint </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> Contract Tribunal) ... etc.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span><b><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><span style="text-indent: -30pt;">(3) </span><span style="text-indent: -30pt;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -30pt;">Non-technical People to Control Money.</span></span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><span style="text-indent: -30pt;"><br /></span></span></b></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>5) Market</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #660000;"> </span><span style="color: #274e13;"> </span></b></span><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b>(1)
Contractors of Lemming Mentality</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> (2) Style
of Competition: Lowest Bid, Evaluated Lowest Bid, Value for Money<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> (3) Elements
of Competition<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> (4) Defying
the International Norms</b></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>8. Working Overseas(海外工程):</b></span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>1) Evolution of International Construction Projects: </b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #20124d;"> </span><span style="color: #274e13;">(1) Stag 1: Free Movement of Construction Resources across the Borders.</span></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> (2) Stage 2: Work Hard vs Work Smart!</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #274e13;"> (3) Stage 3: Investment Security Trump Everything and in Favor of the </span></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span> </span></b></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Establishment.</b></span></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>2) Distribution of Added Value under the New Construction Market Order:</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> (1) "Labor"</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b> (2) Between technical and commercial professionals</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>3) Chances for Taiwanese Construction Industry to go for Overseas Market.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>4) Adjustment Imperative for Company System and Policy.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>5) Assignment of People to Run Overseas Works. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>6) Mental Readiness for Construction Companies to undertake Overseas Business.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>7) License, Registration, Special Permit for Foreign Contractor.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>8) Acknowledge of difference and handicaps:</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>9) Unmanageable Risks: </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>10) Manageable Risks (with care and monetary provision):</b></span></p><div><br /></div>mtkaoforum3131.blogspot.tw/http://www.blogger.com/profile/01353164324501698355noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2576271459816084234.post-31833699188178344242022-11-20T00:03:00.001+08:002022-11-20T13:07:53.229+08:00<p> </p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span face="新細明體, serif"><span style="color: #274e13;">土木產業經營環境中之文化與歷史因素</span></span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #990000;"><span lang="EN-US">2022</span><span face="新細明體, serif">土水學會年會,土木工程論壇(11月19日)</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US"></span></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjE4VRpe5dG6NNUaPzhDcoKKDCGXIhJB-3m0bO0tWcrmp7WsU1t6vgjLinvW_vuuFXFpM1_hXyWLk9VSvZIleTtzKhhDD5j8Snmx99nmY2mvfojPIfn4-OkBvqyDLUw7zttZYGuD8NM78nTfZO19LzoC-9QIw1odU0ZJxC8tOcvxTuzjaXXnOycotl1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="3022" data-original-width="2486" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjE4VRpe5dG6NNUaPzhDcoKKDCGXIhJB-3m0bO0tWcrmp7WsU1t6vgjLinvW_vuuFXFpM1_hXyWLk9VSvZIleTtzKhhDD5j8Snmx99nmY2mvfojPIfn4-OkBvqyDLUw7zttZYGuD8NM78nTfZO19LzoC-9QIw1odU0ZJxC8tOcvxTuzjaXXnOycotl1" width="197" /></a></span></span></b></div><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US"><br /><br /></span></span></b><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US">2021</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年台灣發生</span><span lang="EN-US">35</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬</span><span lang="EN-US">8,190</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">件交通事故,</span><span lang="EN-US">2990</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">人死亡;同年日本發生</span><span lang="EN-US">30</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬</span><span lang="EN-US">5425</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">件交通事故,</span><span lang="EN-US">2636</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">人死亡。日本的人口數是台灣的</span><span lang="EN-US">5</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">倍,但交通事故與死亡數卻少於台灣,這值得大家來探究原因。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">台灣的道路安全規則、交通標誌、道路設計與施工,運輸載具,乃至危難急救設施,規劃、投資與執行都較先進國家標準為高;但每年的交通事故與死亡數在這種情況下,仍然大大的超越先進國家,這表示技術與管理之外,造成混亂的原因,</span></span></b><span face="新細明體, serif" style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>或許</b></span><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">與<a name="_Hlk119610673">用路人</a>、權責單位以及社會大眾的習慣、心態與觀念有關。</span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">我們常看到交通管理單位抱怨用路人圖方便、快、忽視標誌,不守規則,造成</span></span></b><b style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">交通</b><span face="新細明體, serif" style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>混亂</b></span><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">;社會大眾則指責權責單位觀念不當,如在車道</span></span></b><span face="新細明體, serif" style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>規畫、</b></span><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">設計,獨尊「汽車」,邊緣化機車與行路人,導致大家爭先恐後,</span></span></b><span face="新細明體, serif" style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>交通擁擠,大小車輛與用路人,無人是贏家。</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face="新細明體, serif" style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face="新細明體, serif" style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>抱怨、指責發展到最後,交通單位</b></span><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">各級承辦人只注意</span></span></b><b style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">自己</b><span face="新細明體, serif" style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>是否已盡警告之責,如是否已在各種規則中齊備罰則、在危險地段設置適當標誌、應該做的宣導是否都做了?但不去探討真正事故原因,及背後的</b></span><b><span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: red;">文化、歷史與習慣因素</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">,只盼望嚴格的交通法律、清楚的號誌、平坦的道路,讓上路的車輛都能保持</span></span></span></b><span face="新細明體, serif" style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>最好狀態</b></span><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">等,可以解決所有問題,是不對的。我們的交通事故發生率,可能還有一段時間,會</span></span></b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>是日本的五倍</b></span><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。 </span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="display: none; mso-hide: all special;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">同樣的,在營建產業我們也看到類似的情形,各級政府重視建設投資,認其成效為執政成敗的具體指標;權責單位制定可堪比擬工程先進國家水平的技術與管理法規,涵蓋了對人、錢、技術、材料、工程品質與進度的掌控;業者在恐落人後的競爭心態下,也力做出比其他國家同業更大的努力。看來這應是一個生機蓬勃的產業,但社會大眾對公私工程,尤其一些個別、災難性的結果,並不滿意;產業相關人員,不論產、官,學對經營環境的不滿,也到達頂點。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></b></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">從文化與歷史觀點出發,社會大眾對公共事務,常欠缺耐性,認為政府必須針對問題,即刻以好制度與政策進行匡正。但「應然」不是「實然」;數字、邏輯與知識,而非傳統上類似「有志者事竟成」的主觀期望,才是公共工程決策與推動的根據。公眾認為解決公共事務糾葛困難,可有仙丹靈藥,因而鄙視專家與當事者意見,採用的許多治標方案</span>
<span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,往往造成時間與成本的浪費。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">目前工程經營環境的問題,有業者造成的,如低價搶標,壓制專業、剝削勞工、漠視風險,行有不得時,以非典型手段迫使業主放棄許多管制手段,甚至在品質、進度上妥協;也有工程機關的因循作法,如以其已在契約與管理制度上,作嚴格要求與詳盡規定,來證明自己已盡責,無視實務上問題是否發生,或如何解決?</span>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">但不論業者、機關,或工程成敗攸關其利益之社會大眾,其思維或行為影響產業者,皆根源於文化、習慣與傳統,或如:關心私人問題甚於行業尊嚴或機關榮譽;對他方過度防備、互不信任;不求精確、漠視標準;麻木不仁,欠缺同理與同情心;逢迎媚俗,致決定者得能淩越專家;不講是非,只論層級地位…。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">故工程經營環境是否能改善,不只是業者、機關所面對的問題,社會大眾,尤其是意見領袖,都要從傳統思維跳脫出來,以客觀的態度看這個現象,或許目前激烈變動的資源與分工關係,帶來的危機,為解決問題,大家思維上或能跳脫窠臼,反能達成產業的現代化與國際化。</span></b></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>mtkaoforum3131.blogspot.tw/http://www.blogger.com/profile/01353164324501698355noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2576271459816084234.post-13748899089403135502022-08-28T15:11:00.002+08:002023-01-18T15:39:00.405+08:00<h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> 海外工程與國內工程的距離</span></h1><p><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>本文亦登載在<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">營建知訊</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">480</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">期(112年一月號)</span></b></span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #4c1130;"><b>高銘堂 中興工程顧問社執行長/臺科大營建系兼任教授</b></span></p><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">國際工程產業趨勢 不容忽視</span></h3><p><span style="color: #990000;">國際包商承攬海外工程,依本身條件與能力,在生態位階上約可分三個層次:一、以人員與施工機械在國家之間的實質移動,通常在劇烈競爭下,爭取市場;二、對另一國家的政府機關或公司團體,提供技術與知識,換取報酬;三、藉資本與事業經營,自創工程機會與附加價值。</span></p><p><span style="color: #990000;">在每一個經營層次中,為保障交易順利,法律專家與工程師都會盡其所能,以工作的內容與特性,選擇對他們來說,最有效、最公平的契約。以FIDIC契約範本為例,幾十年來,由單純的土木施工或機電建造契約,進化到設計與施工、整廠統包,或是設計、施工再加上操作,乃至應貸款銀行要求,包括投資條款的契約,說明了多年來世界各國工程因其需求內容、工作環境,與商業考量變得複雜化,所有的參與者,從公司到個人關注的層面,要比以前深廣。</span></p><p><span style="color: #990000;">我們的營建業幾個世代以來,有驚人的進步,而先進國家的工程公司,長久受益於既有建制,相對於新興經濟體營建廠商而言,早有領先,近年來他們更因所在國金融與商業的開放、進步,而在經營層次上有明顯的提升。他們的成功可溯源到他們對市場經營環境穩定性的重視,尤其對法治的期待,才能在不承擔不合理風險的狀況下,得到發展。</span></p><p><span style="color: #990000;">臺灣的營造市場不大,如果還要據之對外擴張,承包商就要陷於</span><span style="color: #990000;">如夸父逐日,力竭消渴的絕境。但本土從業人員,基本上對國際工程</span><span style="color: #990000;">還是要堅持有意義的參與。也因如此,工程師們就要去了解國際工程</span><span style="color: #990000;">產業的趨勢如何,其他國家的公司經營者在想些什麼?認真思考,才</span><span style="color: #990000;">不致流於妄自尊大或菲薄。</span></p><p><span style="color: #990000;">筆者早年的工作,是爭取海外工程業務,後來有幸加入泛亞工程</span><span style="color: #990000;">公司,見證國內基礎建設的蓬勃發展,並在那段時間,與國際廠商合</span><span style="color: #990000;">作施作國內重大工程。在過程中,常須因應外國夥伴的思考模式與行</span><span style="color: #990000;">事習慣,調和既是聯合,卻有相當程度是對立的微妙關係;更因此憶</span><span style="color: #990000;">及當時到其他國家,以海外廠商身分與當地夥伴折衝的情形,角色對</span><span style="color: #990000;">調,真的是有所感觸。</span></p><p><span style="color: #990000;">所以從招標作業開始,直到執行,我們與國際朋友的互動,確實</span><span style="color: #990000;">充滿著張力;我們本身也想盡辦法適應本地制度,取得業務,現在看</span><span style="color: #990000;">來,算是勉強,但善惡好壞,就要留待工程界先進來評斷,時日雖久,</span><span style="color: #990000;">或仍有可諫、可追之處?</span></p><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #274e13;">「泛亞」進軍海外機緣</span></h3><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">1964年,興建歷時8年的石門水庫,終於竣工;它規模龐大,經費新台幣32億餘元,是當時東南亞最大的土木工程。台灣參與的人員在尖峰時多達7千餘人,其中的許多工程師和技工,設計或施工技術,從無到有,都盼再有類似工程讓他們精進所學,做更大的貢獻。但政府沒有預算再做大工程,不只是人才,建造水庫後留下來的大批建設機械也無處可去。</span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">後來,經過審慎的市場調查,政府了解,這些工程師、作業手與技工帶著重機械,在鄰近國家會有發揮的空間,於是在1965年9月成立「泛亞工程建設有限公司」,集合這些人與機具,加上若干現金,作成一千萬元股本,由退輔會、榮工處、中國技術服務社以及四大水泥公司認購,向海外進軍。</span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">任何工程公司承攬工程一定由國內開始,但「泛亞」不一樣,1966年起,先在泰國拿到公路工程,幾年內做了好幾條公路,累積金額達到4億多銖。那時銖的幣值是新台幣的1.5倍,這是很大的數字。因為泛亞兼總經理王國崎先生,同時擔任中國技術服務社董事長,也是泰國石油公司的顧問,所以「泛亞」在泰國也接了不少煉油廠、油槽和加油站的工作。後來的幾年,「泛亞」的海外業務又擴充到關島、印尼與新加坡,工作也多樣化,除了公路,也有購物廣場、工業區、海岸整地工程等。</span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">「泛亞」的根是在台灣,必須在國內發展,所以從1968年起,開始在台灣接工程,較著名的有日本駐華大使館與中台化工頭份廠等;這些都是頗具規模,較複雜,困難的工程。但營建施工畢竟是本土化的事業,任何公司海外營業額,到最後只能是整體業績的一小部分。</span></p><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #274e13;">十年休眠 團隊活化</span></h3><p><span style="color: #990000;">不久,國內的經濟起飛,政府和民間財力增長,公、私工程建設加快,需求旺盛,「泛亞」工作團隊的實力、管理人員的見識,乃至組織規模,在營造業中領先群倫,正待擴展。正好「榮工處」承攬的高速公路也需要協力廠商,新竹苗栗這段的土方道路工作,分4個標,約9億多元新台幣交給「泛亞」施作,在1978年順利完工。</span></p><p><span style="color: #990000;">差不多同一時間,「榮工處」也要求與「泛亞」合作發展海外工程,「泛亞」的副總經理陳豫,也就是首任的公共工程會主委,當時應「榮工處」嚴孝章處長之請,到「榮工處」沙烏地辦事處擔任主任,資深工程師程龍光則為麥加、班尼沙等道路工程的工地主任。後來「榮民公司」的董事長劉萬寧,業務處長蔡錫麒,埃及以及東南亞辦事處主任蕭慶穗都是先由「泛亞」錄用,幾年後才轉到「榮工處」。</span></p><p><span style="color: #990000;">在國內,「泛亞」不參加競標,所以國內工程業務沒有什麼發展。高速公路新竹苗栗段工作完成以後,「榮工處」也沒什麼工作交給「泛亞」,加上許多幹部支援「榮工處」海外工程,所以有10年,「泛亞」是處於休眠狀態。</span></p><p><span style="color: #990000;">「泛亞」早期在泰國等海外工地,以及後來在國內高速公路新竹苗栗段的工程,是賺了一些錢,那時的定存利息有12%以上,「泛亞」就以之來維持土方機械團隊的開銷,包括零件、消耗品,以及30餘位領班、操作手、維修技工的薪水,也過了10年。</span></p><p><span style="color: #990000;">但人員一直流失,「泛亞」持續空洞化,履行契約的能力與自信漸漸喪失;1986年定存利率降到了5.5%,要靠存款孳息維持公司運作,也不可能。所以節流之餘,「泛亞」便加入了國內工程行列。</span></p><p><span style="color: #990000;">國家建設的推動是不等人的,所以要活化「泛亞」,讓它馬上加入競爭,做出好工程,就要組成一個專業夠水準,操守禁得起考驗,彼此又不會很陌生的團隊,趕快進駐公司。但在股票狂飆、詐騙吸金,與大家樂流行的1987年,這不是一件容易的事。</span></p><p><span style="color: #990000;">當時是曾擔任「榮工處」代理處長的張溥基先生擔任「泛亞」總</span><span style="color: #990000;">經理,他找了一些在「榮工處」國外服務的同事,加上幾位曾經在其</span><span style="color: #990000;">他公司,到過中東工作多年的工程師,加入「泛亞」,前後大概有 20</span><span style="color: #990000;">餘位。那時臺北捷運,北二高工程等重大建設,無論設計、施工或管</span><span style="color: #990000;">理制度都向國際看齊,相對於同業猶在摸索、探討,我們對國際契約</span><span style="color: #990000;">規定都已相當熟悉,包括臺灣較少看到的特殊施工方法,自信之餘,</span><span style="color: #990000;">竟認為已經贏在起跑點了</span></p><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #274e13;">萊布尼茲、充足理由律:存在的事,必定有理</span></h3><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">事實上,如西方孔子「萊布尼茲」所說,每一件存在的事,必定有理由說明它為何如此。國內工程有許多規則與慣例,與國際工程不太一樣,其實是交易習慣的延續,而不是對錯好壞的問題。我們看到了「新」工程機關努力引介先進的施工技術與管理制度到台灣來,便以為市場是往全盤西化的方向走,這不是很對。也因此,「泛亞」成長慢了一些,交的學費多了一些。幾十年後再看,這還是一個「台學為體,西學為用」的產業。</span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">我初到「泛亞」時擔任經理,負責業務爭取和部分工地的工作執行。因為先前有將近10年是負責海外工程市場的開拓,以及備標、投標,回到國內工程,就會去比較工程招標與執行制度的異同。</span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">就營建工程而言,每一個國家與地區都有各自的制度,但在我相</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">對熟悉的中東、西亞與東南亞,重大工程規劃、設計或管理通常是請</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">西方先進國家工程公司來擔任,業主機關也會就當地的政治、經濟與</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">市場情況做若干修正;但總的來說,與歐美差異不會太大。另外或因</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">當地包商不會太強勢,也習慣西方的制度,基本上工程從招標到執行,</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">是按照西方的辦法來實行的。</span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">在國外,招標與執行的規定雖然繁多,但嚴格的敘述後都有除外</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">的說明,允許工程主辦機關或工程司代表判斷是不是重大違誤,而他</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">們也不怕抗議,會毫不猶豫地行使這些除外權力。或也因為工程司權</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">力夠大,不去顧慮承包商發表意見,所以允許雙方溝通,尤其在投標</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">階段。</span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">但在臺灣,尤其在招、審、決標階段,甲、乙雙方都希望有明確</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">的規則,讓他們根據白紙黑字,就可以判定曲直,尤其在採購法尚未</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">公布,相對複雜的有利標尚未推行的時候;那時的綁、圍標風氣盛行,</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">工程主辦機關重點放在防範,有些現在看起來毫無意義的規定,阻止</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">許多好公司參加投標,但在當時,卻是天經地義,也因此在工程執行</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">階段,不論是規劃、設計或施工,工程主辦機關卻變得非常強勢。他</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">們不希望廠商的意見造成太多的困擾,所以期待契約條文裡能給他們</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">足夠的管理工具,要廠商就範。所以在採購法出來以前,沒有聽過什</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">麼「工程爭議」,因為工程主辦機關在金錢與工期上做了決定,廠商</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">很難去否定,除非在權威體制裡能找到夠力的人幫你說項。但這也是</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">反證,表示廠商還是有機會針對業主的「反應機構」,找到門路,反敗</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">為勝。</span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">「Know Who」與「Know How」的異同</span></h3><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">在台灣作工程,「Know Who」遠比「Know How」重要。施工方法和工程知識之外,市場上供應商、下包、機具租賃商、合作的異業夥伴,甚至自己的工程師,那一個靠得住,現在的狀況怎麼樣,都必須在你的記憶中找得到。</span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">雖然不是絕對,但「戲棚下站久才是你的」這句俚語,非常適用</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">於臺灣的工程公司,因為「Know Who」需要時間。不少老闆找到一</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">些資金,有幾個幹部,就開始搶標,一時如出柙猛虎,無人能擋,但</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">過不久後工程進度或成本卻左支右絀。補不了破網的他們,做不了「新</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">發財仔」,只會怪他們一直看不起的「了尾仔囝」-老公司-依然存活,</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">卻不去省視自己是否花了精神,去了解周遭的人與工作,有沒有確實</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">的連結。</span></p><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #274e13;">預審與後審廠商資格(Pre and Post Qualification)</span></h3><p><span style="color: #990000;">回到國內工程市場,開始時很不習慣備標的時間,可以短到三、五天,加上有些單位會把招標消息登在花、東或外島的小報,某些標案領到圖說時,連郵寄標單的時間都沒有了。我們曾經詢問主其事者,為什麼要弄得這麼神秘,但他們的答覆是如果領標、備標時間拖長,業者會有機會勾串圍標,這是不是合乎邏輯,到現在我還想不懂?</span></p><p><span style="color: #990000;">台灣的招標作業沒有預審廠商資格的制度(Pre-Qualification),國際上包括世、亞銀,有對案件建立長、短名單的做法(long or short list),我們工程主辦機關立即的反映是這豈不是方便廠商「搓圓仔湯」?如果需要限制投標資格,不論是資本額或完工實績,工程主辦機關不希望過於嚴苛,造成圍標,或方便特定廠商。</span></p><p><span style="color: #990000;">另一方面,機關規定投標者把資格證明文件隨投標文件一起提出,其實是一種後審廠商資格的制度(Post-Qualification),這在國際上較罕見,但以台灣的情形來說,這是最好的安排。工程司當場作資格認定以及誰得標的決定,可以防止關說,以及許多無來由的指控。所以他們不會留著文件過夜,更不用說允許廠商補送任何資料。</span></p><p><span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">合理標、八折落馬、過度競爭</span></h3><p><span style="color: #990000;">在這種思維下,可以來投標的廠商越多越好,最不會造成機關困擾的決標方式,只剩下最低標制度。有一陣子政府認為許多工程的問題是出於最低價搶標,所以有「合理標」的構想,但這辦法有點簡單,又有點複雜,就是標價在底價八折以下的標不予考慮,以上的再比誰是最低標,而底價是主辦機關、其上級機關,與審計單位共同核定的價錢占70%,參加投標廠商的平均標價占30%。如果大家都照成本估算,這「合理標」制度是有它的道理。</span></p><p><span style="color: #990000;">但廠商投標就是為了要得標,標價不夠成本是以後的事,不得標沒有業務,煩惱卻在當今。所以眾投標者就去猜官方核定的底價,瞄準它的八折下標價。不僅如此,聰明的台灣包商,還要想辦法,去拉抬或壓低那比重占30%的廠商平均標價。於是就有「有力者」廣邀同業組成集團,或借很多支牌出標,希望藉著數目上的優勢影響最後的底價。算術上這是很「合理」的作法,況且多家出標,就如霰彈打鳥,命中機率可以增加。</span></p><p><span style="color: #990000;">「合理標」招標到了後來,一個標案竟有四、五十家去投,這與那時候社會沉迷「大家樂」,瘋狂下注的氛圍真的互相輝映,這轟動一時的制度,從1990年2月開始實施,但到1992年5月,就停止了。</span></p><p><span style="color: #990000;">1980年代,甲級與特甲級營造廠的數目就增加到近2000家,有部份的原因是政府在分級與升等制度上,流於「形式主義」,不能做減法,只做加法。現實上全國的工程總量並不足以支撐這麼多數目的甲級營造廠,但如前面提到的「合理標」制度,卻號召更多的營造廠加入競爭,讓已經是僧多粥少的供需關係更加惡化。市場分包制度反映分工精密,卻不鼓勵營造廠的工程師、技工,與工作緊密結合,真正做工的那麼幾家因欠缺資本與公司經營管理知識,無法登記甲等執照,只好找一家有資格承攬的甲級營造廠,再轉給他們實際承建,這是所謂的借牌和轉包。</span></p><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #274e13;">由爭取國際工程業務,轉為本國業務的一些省思</span></h3><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">國內廠商對傳統招標作業的眉角,掌握得非常確實,我們只是許多甲級營造廠中的一家,沒有優勢,所以來到「泛亞」最初的兩、三年,我們只能與從前的一些國際老朋友合作,期盼他們在技術、施工機械、設備,或新的材料上有些突破性的想法與作法。有些工程機關或大企業,必須面對新的挑戰,也歡迎我們幫忙。許多國際朋友對這個「新」市場固然有興趣,也對其中一些看不懂得的現象提出疑問,但很多時候,我們也在困惑中,無法給他們答案。</span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">其實臺灣的工程業務,並不是小到樣樣都要遷就國際包商,許多</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">開發中國家,因建設不夠多,所以都依專業或資源提供者的要求,來</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">進行建設。但我們的市場也不是大到可以要求他們接受我們的交易條</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">件,強迫他們改變習慣的做法,舉例來說,像發電機,到本世紀的前</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">十年,都還是賣方市場。當然,這些都會因時代推移與客觀環境不一</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">樣而有改變;但基本上「泛亞」量力而為,不會為了要多接業務,去</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">為外國合作對象,承擔業主堅持,但他們無法同意的條款,及衍生出</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">來的付款時差或責任缺口。</span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">另有些規定是觀念問題,比如說現在採購法上還存在的禁止轉包規定,國際上廠商因為商業考量,常有母子公司,於業務或執行上,分別承擔責任,一般來說,契約條款固然規定須由業主同意,但通常在母公司出具保證後,即沒問題。但在我國,許多人卻認為這是圍標中的一環,是不可觸犯的天條;也有人用道德的眼光來看,認為這是不勞而獲,一定要禁絕。所以那時許多與我們關係良好,有集團性質的歐洲公司在百思不得其解之餘,只好放棄業務。</span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">那時工程訂約規定,廠商除了要交10%的履約保證金,還要找兩家具備同樣資格的廠商作為「鋪保」,這對只有海外經驗的泛亞幹部是一個困擾,找人作保時,就要去攀實際上還沒時間建立的關係;而當前此為你保證的友好廠商,若找你保證他得標的工程,又該怎麼辦?對這個工程或公司做「due diligence」(盡職調查),增加的風險要怎麼算?要怎麼報告董事會?如果婉覆了,下次泛亞得標時該找誰保?還好,這些規定在上世紀末廢除了。</span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">經過兩、三年的碰撞,我們就會以比較務實的態度,來進行與國際友人的合作,除了儘量幫忙他們了解台灣的工程界,我們也關心他們在台灣市場的適應性與存活性。所以集中心力爭取如潛盾、地下車站與特殊橋梁等,這些國外朋友與我們合作較有機會拿到的工程。曾經在國外工作過的好處是,你知道外國人到台灣,面對陌生的業主、不同的文化與特別的工程需求時,他們怕的是什麼,想的又是什麼</span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #274e13;">吳剛伐木、隨砍隨合?</span></h3><p><span style="color: #990000;">國際與國內廠商對工程,對契約條文的認知差距,幾十年來也在縮小,當然這是雙向的。比如說,我們的採購法從無到有,並呼應業界的需求做了幾次修訂。國內的工程公司更重視契約,從他們要求把FIDIC的精神納入工程契約範本,且是按照標案性質,分成紅、黃、橘、金、銀等版本,就知道整個世代的專業與法律人士一直在努力。</span></p><p><span style="color: #990000;">但大家花了幾十年工夫,把公共工程契約由薄薄的一小本増成厚厚、有FIDIC味道的一大本時,我們的科技業卻以兩頁的PO(Purchase Order),交代了價值幾十億元的建廠工程,好像也沒有什麼後遺症。</span></p><p><span style="color: #990000;"><b>一切又回到原點!</b></span></p><div><br /></div>mtkaoforum3131.blogspot.tw/http://www.blogger.com/profile/01353164324501698355noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2576271459816084234.post-17176370859664717342022-06-05T20:54:00.003+08:002022-06-06T23:22:34.020+08:00<h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red;"> Part 9, Advanced Civil Construction, 台科大高等土木施工學教材(2022) </span><br /><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: x-small;">MT KAO (Blog: http://mtkaoforum31.blogspot.tw/)</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: x-small;">(mtkaoforum31@gmail.com)</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div><span style="color: #800180; font-size: large;">4.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Overseas Construction Project</span></div><div style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: small;"><br /></div><div><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: large;">1)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Historical Review (in Stages)</span></div><div style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: small;"><br /></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">(1) Stag 1: Free Movement of Construction Resources between the Borders</span></div><div style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: small;"><br /></div><div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">Lack or insufficiency of construction resources in terms of material, working capital, and technologies prompted the host countries to accept foreign construction companies to come to their turf when they want to build economies from scratch.</span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">It’s time when machine were expensive, native workers available in number, local engineers to be trained, but the surrounding infrastructure to support the construction activities of the referred project were poor.</span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">The recipient countries needed to implement the projects but they were also obliged to nurture their own construction forces for long term purpose. Therefore, they called for international tenders asking more experienced and resourceful foreign contractors to be the main signing party, and demanded they to form partnership with local contractors.</span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">Though the contractors from developed economies might complain that the local partner weren’t necessary; in general, as a stranger, they really need good guides helping them to recruit native workers, obtain local material, and solving all kind of problems in a culture that sometimes they feel weird and helpless. </span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"> </span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">The local partners would act as sleeping partners or agents at the time when their ability to handle construction works was limited. But as it went by, they would grow in size and strength to advance their scope of undertaking. Their ascending, in certain extent parallel with the economy development of the host countries, was almost for sure so the international firms should have accepted the result and adjusted their approaches. </span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">In view of the changing market in favor of the local construction firms, the governments would have to amend the relevant laws so the flow of machine, man and resources would be subjected to regulation. </span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">Always the new discretion would ask the foreigners to undertake minor part of the business which the locals still need assistance; or only to provide expertise through “Technical Cooperation” arrangement rendering plans, drawing and hand-on instruction. </span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">After all, the governments holding the budget and power to build the project should have final say to decide who he wanted to deal with. And for civil engineering, it has never been too difficult for people started from nothing; and besides the local people know better than the foreigners to navigate through the local bureaucracy. So, unless it is a loan requirement, the authorities certainly would prefer the locals to be the contractors.</span></div><div style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></div></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #990000;">(2) Stage 2: Work Hard vs Work Smart</span></span></div><div style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">Thanks to the rising human cost and the diminishing technology edges, construction and engineering firms from developed economies is gradually replaced by the fledging third world contractors, especially those from newly industrialized country. </span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">For example, the use of construction machines and plants long considered the monopoly of the westerners for magic efficiency and exactness is overtaken by the skilled labors of the contractors from the Newly Industrialized Countries (NIC) with even better dexterity. The NIC contractors are eager to go to overseas countries for projects that only yesterday the Westerners would be yelling yes and no for their technical and management supremacy. </span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">The landmark change is possible as that the NIC contractors have many projects in hands for practice from planning, design till construction; and it means they’ve venues and opportunities to train engineers, skill labors and commercial staff for years to satisfy generational infrastructure demand of an economy.</span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"> </span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">It’s almost certain that the NIC contractors would always out beat the westerners in international competition as price and schedule were talked about. But the existing order are established by firms of yesterday and the share of added value for the new winners would have become less while the risk is unproportionally incurred to them. </span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">The reason is that the international contracts now are no more centered on pure construction. And in the name to make the investment more secure, a construction contract now require participation of those non engineers: notaries, law firms, inspectors, laboratories, certifiers, appraisers, unions, arbitrators etc. The absolute figure of fees paid to them is not significant in total contract price but still enjoyable compared to the meager overhead allowed for the hard-working general contractor; most of them now from NIC. </span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">We understand conditions and specification are drawn by contract experts from developed economies, language, proceeding and supporting document required by the same culture. </span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">When western general contractors quit substantial construction, they continue to create contractual requirement asking the contractors undertaken to observe. The capital, with regards to its security, is respected so that the clients all over the world eagerly followed as they come in the form such as "norm", "standard", and "proof", despite it further complicate the works. </span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"> </span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">Now, there will be added values shared by those provide certificate, test report, or litigation documents which the Asians may need more time to apportion. It’s not to say that the values generated by technology, craftsmanship and labors for construction projects become less important. </span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">But it’s conceivable that working hard as the only way to thwart competitors from the developed economies isn't sensible. The industry evolved, but not everything can be repeating.</span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">(3) Stage 3: Investment Security Trump Everything and in Favor of the Establishment</span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">The trend for construction works in 21st century is many of the gigantic projects will be invested by private entities as schemes like BOT or BT continuously churned out from governments because their coffer seems drained out. Money is everywhere but the mammon doesn’t like to face uncertainty; so, the professionals now including commercial experts are flattered to present risk free schemes to woo investors. </span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">The security of capital and return of vowed profit will trump anything else. </span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">As a result, the concerned parties have to pay attention in project phases starting from planning, design, construction, O & M, and until the marketing of the product.</span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">Construction cost is important judged from the big number It used to be, but its</span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">share in total price become lower as non-engineering cost rises in weight. </span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">Then, the guarantees for work completion is everything, the evolution continues, that the real builder may not be the one awarded the contracts just having the records completing the similar projects, or financial capacity to indemnify the parties nominally.</span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">Public or private clients, when they want to initiate the idea or start the actual construction, justification as to determine who is the partner is important because the decision maker needs to be answerable to say they’re awarding to a reputable company for planning or construction when questioned by stakeholders.</span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">Nowadays there won’t be many conventional “build according drawing” construction contracts among international tenders, the contractors from advanced economies adapt very quickly that they go beyond traditionally a pure construction company </span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">owning construction resource themselves. </span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">They have many choices to sub-let part or whole construction works to single or several constructors who maybe local, or a self-regarded higher tier contractor from the other overseas country. He may exercise control and deliver the work effectively similar to what Nike or Adidas have done over jerseys and shoes. </span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">Under the so-called global market, free flow of man, money, machine, and material is encouraged; and it seems fair. But the problem is now the companies in less developed economies will provide labor and for actual construction but only share limited added values compared with those set up the standard, specification, giving checks and certificates, maintain the margin and profit, but seldom bear the risk.</span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">The 20th century capitalists in construction industry own enormous construction fleet, fostered engineering capability, put up contractual and legal frame and monopolized banking system. With their cultural and political advantages, they commanded the business for long time. </span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">But when those used to work under the international big firms considered themselves a good learner to join the ranks; the 21st century capitalists evolve that they now concentrate to secure capital and return through "possession", "exchange" and “added value”, engaged deeply in the investment themselves so as to cast off most of the late comers.</span></div></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: large;">2)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Distribution of Added Value under the New Market Order</span></div><div style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(1) "Labor" was most important element in a producing system, no exception in construction industry, for which, the machine was supposed to replace lot of human efforts in works. But the Engineering professionals are vital in construction works to decide the performance of labor and machines and thus the surplus value; to certain extent the engineer is the "establishment".</span></div><div style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-size: medium;">But under the modern-day project management system, bankers, notaries, law firms, inspectors, laboratories, certifiers, appraisers, unions, arbitrators and those who will assure the project successful can hold positions and charge their cost relatively easy. It's no choice because the moneymen need their endorsement and ask them to play the dominating roles while the actual doers reduced to their subordinate.</span></div><div style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(2) The redistribution of added values between technical and commercial professionals is possible because renowned international banks or institutions will seek opportunity to get involved in construction projects for possibility to offer financing arrangement. The governments around the world, the ventures collecting toll or making profit from franchise always welcomes loans and risk sharing proposal. </span></div><div style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The "establishment", normally construction companies in western countries, are known to and more trusted by the banks or investment funds, so they can reach agreement with each other forming ventures for the projects.</span></div><div style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The banks or investment funds may always prescribe, and it's not difficult for the western establishment to respond, that they will add specifications, standards, and contract terms familiar with into construction plans; inadvertently strengthen their positions in the projects, which, many NIC companies will feel not accustomed, and are actually excluded from competition.</span></div><div style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Though, the contractors from "South Countries" will be assigned to do the real work but only under the established contractors from the "North Countries". It's a crucial fact that the overhead and profit obtained from the drudgery work is limited and the risk tremendous. Hopefully, after long time and many contracts that the best of NIC contractors going abroad can be improved more than getting mere survival.</span></div><div style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: large;">3)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Chances for Taiwanese Construction Industry to go for Overseas Market</span></div><div><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US">(1)<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">Compete with Locals over
Efficiency versus Providing Loan and Capital</span></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">Possibility exists that a NIC contractor
like the one from Taiwan may be able to join the club of international
contractors offering conditions allow them to share high added value in
overseas projects, however, they have to bring loans at least for their part
and still they need assistance from established company or face more
uncertainty throughout the process.</span></span><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">Usually the loans offered for foreign
construction projects must be earmarked with the commitment from the local
government to guarantee return of the loans; this tends to be difficult when
diplomatic relationship not existed between the governments.</span></span><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">Should Taiwanese contractors or engineering
firms not able to offer loans working as the subcontractors of international
joint ventures, they need to prove they will be able to save money, keep
quality and progress for main contractors. And it means they have to contend
with other NIC contractors or even the local ones for playing secondary role.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US">(2)<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">Contribution of better
Construction Technology under Sublet System</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18pt; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">It must be admitted that to play the role
of constructors in strange country, Taiwanese company cannot be as efficient as
the natives to organize local labor force or purchase cheap material. Money is
also something that the contractors from developing economics no more feel they
are short of. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">Taiwanese contractors may be slightly
better off in competition with locals, for their technology and experience in
certain projects are good, but it's diminishing.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">The sub-contracting system in Taiwanese
construction industry is a problem that the resources are thinly distributed
among many sub-contractors and leasers. Market is highly fragmented that the
main-contractors owns no resource except limited number of engineers, and when
they need to work abroad, they don't have anything to move out: professionals
or skill labors, forgetting about permits and licenses required to work in
alien land.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span><span lang="EN-US">(3)<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Possibility to undertake
Planning and Design Service<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18pt; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -1.5; mso-para-margin-left: -1.5gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"> So, it
seems like that only consulting companies can go to take meager amount of
overseas design contract as much of planning and design works can be done
remotely in Taiwan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">Of course, the engineering works done must
conform with standards and norms such as BS, DIN, or JIS wanted by main
contractors and not CNS or American codes usually followed in Taiwan. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">Supervision will be challenge because the
owner or international main contractor wouldn't pay as much of Taiwanese
expatriate will cost. It requires a competent local partner to reduce the cost.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">The purpose to work in overseas countries
shall be reviewed. Will the business be expanded to cover foreign countries
allowed for, profits overhead or service charge as required? Or will it
increase the sales of home country made product, construction plants or
permanent equipment indirectly? <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">The calculation is simple and only to
become meaningful when business amount is significant.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: large;">4)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Adjustment Imperative for Company System and Policy</span></div><div style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">(1)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Consideration shall be given to the overseas allowance, vocation, compensation for tax incurred in foreign country, care of spouse and education of children for the expatriate sent to foreign land in addition to their regular salary and bonus in home country.</span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">(2) People sent to foreign land will face challenges and can very likely be working in desolated situation; and only elite of each discipline shall be assigned to solve the problems.</span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">However, two issues always appear in a company undertaking overseas works: 1. sectionalism exists in the concerned departments, chiefs tend to send less qualified people; 2. After distinguished performance in overseas projects, many expatriates coming back home only to find out "good" positions having been occupied by people of inferred capability.</span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">There must be a fair policy and under it a mature personnel management system covering domestic and overseas projects. The chief of department must be a stakeholder for success or failure of the projects the company undertaken.</span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">(3) The sale amount for overseas projects may be meager compared to other company revenue, but efforts to take for operation in different country, such as accounting, tax report, currency exchange, law and rules abiding, local standards and codes compliance, contractual administration, procurement, and financing arrangement have to be tremendous in headquarter. </span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">Usually in the Company the decision maker is reluctant to pay un-proportional attention to the meager sales amount in single different country to support the overseas construction activities.</span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">Also, the branch or project managers of overseas contracts may not have the knowledge or authority to recruit right and sufficient local assistance. Unavoidable the suffering becomes deplorable at last; dragging down the momentum to pursue the overseas business.</span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">(4) The exploration and subsequent operation of overseas construction market call for the company to provide money, know-how, credited work experience and ready to deploy talented people for whatever the projects undertaken; but ironically big company and their follow managers only to think of overseas business at times when they feel jobs in hands aren't enough.</span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">It takes time to obtain a contract, and the resources shall be paid out at any moment. Therefore, the company to develop overseas work shall be big enough to dedicate for what they will have in hands given the short mobilization time. People have to realize the contracting business will not come only to fit your schedule.</span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">The construction companies in Taiwan long suffered from overdue subcontracting system and resulted market fragmentation. The cruel fact is they don't have sufficient resource to go foreign land. </span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">Sometimes only sole determination of the strategy makers of a company to go for abroad could be tragic.</span></div><div style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></div></div><div><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: large;">5)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Assignment of Right People to Run Overseas Works</span></div><div style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">(1) In different countries, traditions, work conditions, and market competition are not the same; so people to be assigned for business can be unique. In general, personality of a representative is more important than his education; cultural adaptability than language, and impulsive energy than professional experience. </span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">There're political and diplomatic handicap Taiwanese people working overseas will have had; and under the circumstance maybe people of special trait will be able to do something unusual to overcome the difficult. </span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">(2)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>It takes time to get the jobs, especially the good ones. Patience shall be used to evaluate the performance of people responsible for business. For example, the annual scoring plan shall not be used as excuse for those overseas representatives to sign bad contracts to meet target contract amount allocated to them.</span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">For the same consideration that the people in headquarter shall not be hasten to recall representative(s) from foreign branches or delete them after not getting contracts of satisfactory amount.</span></div><div style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></div></div><div><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: large;">6)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Conceptual Readiness for Construction Companies to undertake Overseas Business</span></div><div style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">(1) Before going for specific project, the Company must make sure it will have people experienced enough to go for the project; or it will have fair chances to recruit qualified people from the industry.</span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">(2) The company management shall be knowledgeable for overseas projects operation; and is willing and passionate to develop business prospect in foreign lands. It is better that the decision makers will have overseas experiences themselves.</span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">(3) The company employees realize the need to develop overseas business as only means to extend market and enhance technology; and the people are willing to adjust themselves to reinforce expertise, learn foreign language and change work attitude for overseas projects. </span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">They understand any domestically market protection is temporary, and only the industry essentially strong and internationalized, are their life long professional guarantees.</span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">(4) For operation in strange country, the company management mentality shall be open. But it's easy saying than doing; the feeling of superiority toward the locals are hard to fend off and remains qualm of Taiwanese management. </span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">Anyway, an idealistic team shall be consisting of agent, sponsors and partners through the intimate cooperation of local employees.</span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">A capable and trustworthy agent or sponsor will obtain in time information, establish the links with authority, and acquire competitive local resource for the Company. Above all, they shouldn't sacrifice the Company for slim benefit to continue the agent ship for minimal commissions.</span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">In almost all the countries, the implementation of the projects, engineering or construction, require minimum participation of the local partner(s); a good one will offer the assistance to reduce the cost, solve licensing and authoritative problems, and truly to share the financial overburdens resulted from the unbalanced payment schedule.</span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">The employment of locals, especially, in the branch office for business pursuance and project supporting is vital; the salary and promotion must be better than local market practice to ensure loyalty and reliability of the natives.</span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">As people from Taiwan in strict sense will only work as passerby ultimately, trust and confidence must be rendered to the locals as they're there may be forever. Even slight discrimination will be incubated and turn out to become source of disloyalty and misconducted behavior in the future.</span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">And for a system that must be built on fraternity and egalitarianism, the decision makers in far-flung headquarter must have responsibility too.</span></div><div><br /></div></div></div><div><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: large;">7) License, Registration, Special Permit for Foreign Contractor.</span></div><div style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">(1) Ownership on land, housing and factory.</span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">(2) Permit business operation to sign the contract</span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">(3) Permit to import the machine, permanent equipment and material</span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">(4) Free to hire local engineers of required qualification and numbers</span></div><div style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: large;">8)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Acknowledge of difference and handicaps:</span></div><div style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">(1)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Handicap in language.</span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">(2)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Difference in cultural perception.</span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">(3)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Difference in applicable code and standard.</span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">(4)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Difference in executing safety and environmental protection rule</span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">(5)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Difference in Tax code application and interpretation.</span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">(6)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Difference in labor management.</span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">(7) Hindrance or inconvenience caused by entry visa and work permits for expatriates.</span></div><div style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: large;">9) Unmanageable Risks:</span></div><div style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">(1)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Politic risks (regime change, war, commotion, nationalization, sanctions, embargo)</span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">(2)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Exchange and currency risks</span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">(3)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Economic risks (inflation, interference in manufacture and transportation system)</span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">(4)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Natural disasters (flood, typhoon, earthquakes, avalanches)</span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">(5) Legal risks (change of law, unpredictable adjudication)</span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">(6) Cultural Risks-incoherent mental and behavioral model between host country people and foreign contractor.</span></div><div style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: large;">10) Manageable Risks (with care and monetary provision):</span></div><div style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">(1) Construction schedule and completion date.</span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">(2) In time delivery of construction material and equipment both in quality and quantity.</span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">(3) Contractual risks</span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">(4) Safety and security of expatriates (persons, property, accidents).</span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">(5) Free flow of capital.</span></div><div style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: small;"><br /></div></div></h1>mtkaoforum3131.blogspot.tw/http://www.blogger.com/profile/01353164324501698355noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2576271459816084234.post-9860705852035615202022-05-22T00:16:00.009+08:002022-05-23T18:21:21.190+08:00<h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #800180;"> Part 8, Advanced Civil Construction, 台科大高等土木施工學教材(2022) </span></h1><div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">MT KAO (Blog: http://mtkaoforum31.blogspot.tw/)<br />(mtkaoforum31@gmail.com)</span></b></div><p><br /></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d;">2) Machine:</span></h2><div><span style="color: #274e13;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #741b47;">(1) Prototype, bespoke; portable, fixed.</span></h3><div><span style="color: #741b47;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">a.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Machine, prototype</span></h3><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">People in construction industry need to know machine, plant and equipment for their manipulation, size, cost, productivity and supplies required. </span></h3><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The general contractors used to own machines, in the days they're expensive relative to human cost.</span></h3><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">When a country starts to build infrastructures, they need to move earth, lift heavy weight, paving concrete and asphalt, and confront with water or other inaccessible.</span></h3><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">There're machines typical to do these jobs and we call them the prototypes: bulldozers, cranes, graders, trucks, mixing plants, paving machines, compactors, working boats etc. </span></h3><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The works are many in fledging economies, so the machines are welcome for repeating usages in seemingly endless construction. They’re powerful to replace manpower and quick to deliver the landmark projects. </span></h3><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">So when machines with international brands such as Caterpillar and Komatzu appear at construction sites, they symbolize the government’s commitment to the economic growth.</span></h3><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b>b.</b><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Machine, bespoke</span></h3><div><span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">As countries proceed to build infrastructures projects of more sophisticated nature, the machines and the method employed may need special design and fabrication, we called the order and the makes bespoken. The usages are limited unless market is big and construction is in succeeding, but it will finish the works for that human won’t be accessible or to do. The most obvious one is tunnel boring machine of different diameters and shapes at restrained spaces. </span></h3><div><span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">c.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Machine, fixed type, mobilization and assembling cost</span></h3><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Most of machines can be transported to construction sites, either by self-driving or mounting on trailer for long distance, we call them portable, such as dump trucks, excavators, dozers, loaders, etc. For mixing plants, TBM, tower crane, or machines too big for transportation, they're divided in parts or compartments, and then hauled to the site for erection; we call them fixed type of machine.</span></h3><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Engineers must take into consideration the cost and time required to mobilize, install and demobilize construction machine. Sometimes in the remote area or hazardous places disembarkation and the installation of plants and equipment can be difficult and costly that the engineers have to think about the solution. The damages possibly incurred to the parts or entire plants during transportation shall be foreseen and at least insured against accidents. </span></h3><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Also, people need to know the value of certain fixed plants decimated very much in single usage, and the remaining value after one project could be only the material cost after dissection.</span></h3><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><p style="text-align: left;"><b><span>施</span>工機具或設備主要有定型與訂製兩種,前者如挖土機、吊車或打樁機等,各有性能適應範圍,買者可依需求購置;後者如隧道鑽掘機,橋梁架設設備等,需依預定完成構造物尺寸、性質、周邊情況與操作安全性等,特別設計製造,非現貨供應。施工機具有運到工地馬上可以使用,或需在現地安裝、試車,移動與拆遷,等兩大類。工程師擬訂計畫或投標時,需考慮動、復員時間與成本;因機具租賃或外包普遍,故此部分被認為含於租金或外包單價,常被忽略。</b></p><p style="text-align: left;"><b><br /></b></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #741b47;">(2) Operation, maintenance and repair.</span></h3><div><span style="color: #990000;"><b><br /></b></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b>a.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Owning Cost: Depreciation, Interest, Productivity</b></span></h3><div><span style="color: #4c1130;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">In the days when the value of machine and spare parts far exceeded cost of people serving them: operators and crew for maintenance and repair. Only companies big enough would buy machines as main asset and source of revenue. </span></h3><div><span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">For two historical reasons the machine ownership had to be overtaken by specialty companies: 1. Facing rising human cost and fastidious labor and safety laws, only companies able to concentrate effort to manage problems related to operation, maintenance and repair are in a position to handle the machines. 2. Company owning big fleet of machine wouldn’t have chances to share costs with other companies through rental arrangement.</span></h3><div><span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">The machine owning cost shall be calculated as buying price plus interest payment over the machine's service life. One is called flat depreciation method, use the buying price divided by estimated remaining service life; the other is weighted depreciation method, assuming the first 2 or 3 years the machine will have high productivity and place the cost depreciated certain fraction more in such 2 or 3 years. </span></h3><div><span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">However, the taxation offices legally also have power to decide amount permitted for depreciation for different equipment. It affects how the owners should have decided on to charge their equipment.</span></h3><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;"><br />Interest payment can be considered for each company outside of the machine cost calculation.</span></h3><div><span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span></div><p style="text-align: left;"><b>持有機具所需購置費用,其將產生利息等費用。不論機具是否使用,其即有折舊成本,依機具性質或政策考量,其可採平均與加速方式,計算折舊成本。政府稅務單位亦有其折舊年限規定。</b></p><p style="text-align: left;"><b><br /></b></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">b.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Maintenance and Repair Cost</span></h3><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Machines need operators to move them, the owners must pay to the operators the hourly wage and overtime. And machines also need daily, or periodical maintenance; the related cost are the wages of the workers responsible for maintenance and amounts covering for consumable, lubricant and tool. </span></h3><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Repair cost in general is low when machine is new, but it will be accelerated when machine's condition become less fair in later part of work life. The elements of repair cost consist of mainly two parts; one is labor, and the other will be that of spare parts. In developed economy, the repair cost shall be between 100% and 200% of the initial cost according to statistic, depending on different equipment. </span></h3><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">In developing countries where machine price is high compared to human cost, the wage of operator can be 4-5 times of that of manual labor and output of machines will be higher than what can be achieved in advanced economy. Because when machine is expensive, the owners don’t care to give higher payment to operators, which can be easily covered by revenues from higher machine productivity.</span></h3><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><p style="text-align: left;"><b>維修成本最重要為零件與人工。工資較貴經濟體,詳細檢查耗時耗費,零件採用整組換掉方式。開發中國家工資象隊機具成本低,給工人薪資可以較高,以要求機具產出效率。</b></p><p style="text-align: left;"><b><br /></b></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #741b47;">(3) Rental and owning.</span></h3><div><span style="color: #4c1130;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">Started from 70's last centu</span><span style="color: #990000;">ry, general contractors ceased to own construction machine themselves in consideration of big investment over uncertain business opportunity, difficulties to handle labor relationship with operators, maintenance and repair workers, and judgement based on specialty knowledge over replacement or repair of major parts.</span></h3><h3 style="text-align: left;"><br /></h3><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">The bosses of equipment rental companies always start to acquire construction machines with blessing from big construction companies guarantee the continuity of the works. It's important in Asian countries that this kind of company were operator com maintenance workers, being able to keep equipment and trucks in good conditions with their entrepreneurship.</span></h3><div><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">Furthermore, they may work with their supra contractor on quantity and rate. The arrangement is costly efficient but not assured schedule wise especially massive amount of mechanic works to proceed.</span></h3><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;"><br /> <br />It is proven that the general contractors have no way to replace the small owner for construction machine maneuver involving operation/ maintenance/repair. Nowadays the rental rates can be as high as that 2 years charges may be equal to the buying price of a plant.</span></h3><div><span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span></div><p style="text-align: left;"><b>分工專業化結果,大公司不再持有機具,甚至大型設備。向租賃公司租用或工作外包,成為解決之道。</b></p><p style="text-align: left;"><b><br /></b></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #741b47;">(4) Construction method and machine selected.</span></h3><div><span style="color: #4c1130;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">a.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Selection of Work Method and Construction Machines.</span></h3><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Designing an efficient construction method is key to successful deliver of infrastructure works: right construction sequence, get through most critical part of work, minimize undue outside interference, and avoid hazardous incident from happening shall be considered when the plan is drawn.</span></h3><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Engineers may have wide range to select machines for construction method; however, it will be influenced by the market availability for machine itself and operators, for example, in Taiwan excavators are everywhere but dozers and loaders not frequently to see contrary to North America.</span></h3><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></h3><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The reasons could be incidental that maybe the ones first introduce them to Taiwan prefer them and others just followed, or the operators are dexterous to maneuver the machines in congest excavation site in Taiwan.</span></h3><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Market size and available replacement could play a part, the use of tower crane was another example, because the maintenance and mobilization cost shared by small number become significant and mobile crane can be substitute, so the tower cranes are not so many in the island.</span></h3><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /> <br />In Taiwan, selection of machine once accepted by the officials, budgeting and supervision for that particular item will be almost fixed in public works. </span></h3><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></h3><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Changes to another machine or method will have to be accommodated to the bureaucracy; adding another point that people and work gangs aren’t so innovative to create new construction plans. Another proof that civil contracts is local and conventional.</span></h3><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><p style="text-align: left;"><b>施工方法與設備選擇關係工程成敗,工地與工作特性應考量,市場情形與業主認知亦是關鍵。</b></p><p style="text-align: left;"><b><br /></b></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">b.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Machine and Manual Labor</span></h3><div><span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">In countries like India, machines face strong competition from man power; Bulldozers and earth moving machine are levied with high import duty and surcharges, that men and their assistant with hoes and dustpan will have chances to outperform construction method based mainly on mechanization as cost is concerned.</span></h3><div><span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">When owning a machine become expensive, the efficiency will decide its survivability.</span></h3><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span><span style="color: #990000;"> <br /></span><span style="color: #990000;">So, in the case of India construction market, the wages pay to the machine operators won’t be significant compare to the revenue generated by extra output brought by the operator’s better performance. Thus, the wages of operators can be 5 times of the common labors in developing economies.</span></h3><div><span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span></div><p style="text-align: left;"><b>經濟型態不一樣,人與機具亦有競爭;機具作業手、保養工相對於非技術工在較後進經濟中給付會較高,但對機械之生產力要求亦會較高。</b></p><p style="text-align: left;"><b><br /></b></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">c.</span><span style="color: #2b00fe; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Cost factors in Prototype and Bespoken Machines</span></h3><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">There is situation that prototype machines will not meet construction requirement, the bespoken one will be the solution. </span></h3><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">But engineers need to know: 1. Lead time to design and build the plant is long; they’re not available at once like ordinary plants on the market. 2. When one part goes down, entire system will idle or fail. 3. Though people will try to re-use it for next project but the chance is slim. 4. The whole value of the bespoken plant can be high and when it scraps after one project, the depreciation allowed can hardly be claimed. 5. Turnkey contracts become popular these days; the contractors will have chances to design structure sections optimal and fit into owned <span style="font-size: 18.72px;">bespoken </span>equipment.</span></h3><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><p style="text-align: left;"><b>設計與建造非制式施工設備時間長,工程師應估算。施工機具系統中一部分或某單獨設備故障,整體完全無產出,故需考慮備用。變數太多,非制式施工設備於次一工程在使用機會不大。也因此非制式施工設備之殘值,承商不能考慮太多。但統包式契約投標時,承包商即可考慮將所有非制式施工設備用於工程施工。</b></p><p style="text-align: left;"><b><br /></b></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d;">3) Material</span></h2><div><span style="color: #274e13;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #741b47;">(1) Local and Conventional Material shall be chosen for Construction.</span></h3><div><span style="color: #4c1130;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">a.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Transportation Cost and Locally Available Material </span></h3><div><span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">Material for construction is bulky and transportation cost is high, so they have to be obtained from local for maximum extent as quality and property may not differ so much from the outside world. </span></h3><div><span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">Attention shall be drawn to the fact that sometimes the overwhelmed material requirement of a gigantic project may tilt the supply/demand balance drastically in an isolated area. Investment in term of time and money shall be considered before projects start to assure a quality and punctual completion. </span></h3><div><span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">However, material prices can be fluctuated from time to time either in the case of limited supply, such as aggregate and sand, or as a result of global boom like steel and rebar. It can be deadly to an ignorant contractor, that the risk can only be addressed through contracts with so called escalation clause giving minimum protection for the builders. </span></h3><div><span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">Because the projects are there for economic development so that the employment of local artisans and labors shall be considered as early as in the design stage. </span></h3><div><span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">Engineers must think about the possibility to use traditional technique involving local people and product even to the point to edit the specification to show respect to the tradition. For example, the Baku piles were used in Southeast Asia for soil retaining and promote compaction effect in embankment, it has been used in international class projects for its convenience to install.</span></h3><div><span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span></div><p style="text-align: left;"><b>營建廠商需儘量考慮使用本土常使用材料,設計者自開立規範開始,建造商於購買使用即應注意及此。習慣、文化、可得,以及龐大運輸成本都是使用本土材料之有利因素。</b></p><p style="text-align: left;"><b><br /></b></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">b.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Continuous Evolution for Material used in Construction</span></h3><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">In old days, human's weight lifting capacity was limited, long distance hauling capability also prohibitively expensive and could only go through waterway. People had to use small and light material from local, like timer, brick and mortars for buildings and structures in most of the cases. </span></h3><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Granite and basalt were used in part of Europe especially for churches, castles or monumental structures. Wooden structure was erected in Asia for aristocrats and land lord, but the timber size reduced as a result of deforestation.</span> </h3><div><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">In general, the masses had to live in hut and dens for which they built with any material they could pick up from nearby area. </span></h3><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Discovery and use of steel in civil engineering works change the world. They replace traditional construction material resulting in great cost and time saving. Steel in the form of rebar, sections and strains give buildings and structure new dimensions and spatial aesthetics. </span></h3><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></h3><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">People still think of innovation for construction material better than steel, such as fiber glass or high strength concrete, commercially one day it would be popular as steel used today.</span></h3><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Mankind are smart to utilize everything from nature but sometimes it can be tragic. For instance, there’re countries like Bangladesh where hard stones and sand difficult to obtain. So, the local people extract and burn clay from alluvium into brick like material. Then women and children will use hammers to break them into sizes of and utilize them as aggregates and sand. Then they mix them with cement to obtain concrete. </span></h3><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The solution risks human life because buildings and bridges sometimes collapse for the weak strength those improvised materials provided. It's wrong type of localization; poverty force people to continue the practice.</span></h3><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><p style="text-align: left;"><b>文明進步讓建材來源更加廣泛,不惟建材本身強度、品質提高,其製造及用於施工之方法與設備,乃至構造物需求標準之提高,都讓人類更有選擇。</b></p><p style="text-align: left;"><b><br /></b></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">c.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Green Construction</span></h3><div><span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">Nowadays, carbon reduction is an issue, the material used in the projects shall be considered climate friendly, and engineers need green knowledge to incorporate construction material made from renewable, waste or need less processing.</span></h3><div><span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">Commercial calculation won’t be the only consideration.</span></h3><div><span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span></div><p style="text-align: left;"><b>減碳及綠色施工要求,亦將造成營建產業之變革。</b></p><p style="text-align: left;"><b><br /></b></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #741b47;"><span>(2).</span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span>Material and Equipment incorporated into Permanent Project</span></span></h3><div><span style="color: #4c1130;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">a.</span><span style="color: #2b00fe; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Project More Sophisticated </span></h3><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">As economy advances in a country, the construction work won't be simple structural work again; many systems and equipment will be installed in addition to steel and concrete. So, procurement will be more complicated than simply clearing the composition, dimension and strength of construction material. </span></h3><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><h3><br />When proper delivery of system and equipment, and their installation, operation and maintenance, is desired; prior check and mutual commitment shall be made with reliable makers or specialty contractors even before the contract is awarded.</h3><h3> <br />An experienced general contractor knowing the risk implied in the contract signed with ever demanding client will seek teammates working in different field to discharge the huge responsibility for successful delivery. The cooperation may include consortium, main and sub-tier contractual relationship, or various form of partnership suitable in each case since before the tender. </h3><div><br /></div></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">b.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Nominated Subcontractor</span></h3><div><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">In practice the owner may actually designate the maker of the system and equipment based on confidence and trust the brand bearers have exhibited. After award the winning contractor has to sign the sub or supply contract with the specified makers at least to overtake the partial responsibility of delivery, which always include risks begin with engineering, then making, shipment, installation, commissioning, test run and until operation. </span></h3><div><span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">In other words, the signing parties has to share whatever may have happened with the owner: strike, sabotage, mistakes, bad performance, act of god, all kind of disruption that may occur.</span></h3><div><span style="color: #990000;"><div><br /></div></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">However, during budget establishment, there will be bureaucrats, design consultant, auditors and financing people reject the idea that the contractors need overhead to handle the nominated subcontract. They consider the frontage contractor won't add substantially anything and the following up the delivery is their obligation.</span></h3><div><span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000;">The denying of invisible cost stemmed from
the days the economic output mainly counted on agriculture and manufacturing (Physiocracy).
The ignorance causes big problem in pushing the works forward; and a further proof
that the construction works sometimes need cultural and conceptual fix.</span></span></p></h3><div><span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span></div><p style="text-align: left;"><b>因工程大型化,複雜化,尤其運維之數位化、自動化使永久性設備及材料不再限於傳統營建商面對之鋼筋、水泥,業主與設計者常需於施工標開始之前即要決定供應重要建材或各種子系統之廠商,與他們談好價錢與重要契約條件,於主承商得標後轉到主契約下,要求主包商負管理、協調責任</b>。</p><p style="text-align: left;"><br /></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d;">4) Money</span></h2><div><span style="color: #274e13;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #741b47;">(1) Payment: cash, in kinds or goods (barter), deferred (BT), franchise revenue (BOT, PMI).</span></h3><div><span style="color: #4c1130;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Men work for money, only after the
contractor can get full payment the completion of the project is meaningful to
him.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Only after the contractor can get full
payment, the completion of the project is meaningful to him.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">And because the construction contracts are
with big money, public or private owners will choose forms of payment according
to their financial conditions. The contractors will be paid in cash, kinds or
goods (barter), deferred payment after completion and transfer to the owner
(BT), or through franchise revenue (BOT, PMI).<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">It also possible that the form of payment
can be mixed between the above-mentioned methods. The contractor must evaluate
its own ability to accept the form of payment, for example, when he would have
accepted the payment in crude oil over long period, he has to evaluate the
possible oil price fluctuation and the extent and cost that he would have been
protected by the futures.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The reliability of the owners, government
or private companies must be taken into account.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></span></p></h3><p style="text-align: left;"><b>契約付款最為重要,除傳統付款方式,有以物易物、遲延付款、特許權等方式。承商需注意自己能力,並了解業主信用。</b></p><p style="text-align: left;"><b><br /></b></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #741b47;"><span>(2) Standard internationa</span>l contracts to regulate: FIDIC, NEC3 (New Engineering Contract3), AIA(American Institute of Architects), JCT forms of Contract(Joint Contract Tribunal)...etc.</span></h3><div><span style="color: #741b47;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">It's not enough that the contractor will get the owner's pledge to pay him. It depends on the contract conditions through which the contractors get paid. Normally we'd have type of contracts such as: FIDIC, NEC3(New Engineering Contract3, used for civil works in UK., Australia, New Zealand and Hong Kong, the language of it is simpler and the signing parties are said to be more equal), AIA(American Institute of Architects, form of contract popular in USA.), JCT forms of Contract(Joint Contract Tribunal, for architectural works in UK.)...etc.</span></h3><div><span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">As projects are different for each other, the contracts need to be modified to fit the situation; they will be reflected in so called Special Application (or Conditions) and leave the General Application (or Conditions) unscratched. Whatever slight difference in Special Application will result in big departure in reality so that the contractor needs to read carefully even the author of standard contract or the Owner would have claimed they're the friendliest contract terms.</span></h3><div><span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">According to the payment conditions, the contract can be divided in forms like the conventional Rates and Quantity, Lump Sum, Guaranteed Maximum Price, Alliance, Cost and Cost Based, etc.</span></h3><div><span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span></div><p><b>契約形式甚多在台灣有政府範本、國際人士許多引用FIDIC,,英國協土木工程多採用NEC3,建築則有JCT範本,美國人則用建築學會之AIA。另依付款形式則有Rates and Quantity, Lump Sum, Guaranteed Maximum Price, Alliance, Cost and Cost Based等。</b></p><p><b><br /></b></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #741b47;">(3) Non-technical People to Control Money.</span></h3><div><span style="color: #4c1130;"><br /></span></div><h3><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-size: 18.72px;">Compared to the old days now that big component of contractual money pays for intangible part of the project in the name to protect every party involved. The added value including the cost to acquire money, assure the delivery of the works, O&M of the project and even to the extent to guarantee the products or the purposed functioning of the project will be welcome by the customers. Thus, the added values are created.</span></span></h3><h3><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-size: 18.72px;"><br /></span></span></h3><h3><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-size: 18.72px;">But it is true that engineers are not playing the dominating roles in construction business because the invention as said is from improvement of technology, business skill, capital fluidity, that financial, legal and management people intrude and colonize uncompromisingly.</span></span></h3><h3><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-size: 18.72px;"><br /></span></span></h3><h3><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-size: 18.72px;">Though money is everywhere (QE?), but they get more respected. The so-called experts like to invent ideas to attract the capital, they provide guarantees, mitigations and assurance to fascinate investors. Under the trend, lots of the construction projects are controlled by hordes of non-technical people who can confuse the investors. </span></span></h3><h3><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-size: 18.72px;"><br /></span></span></h3><h3><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-size: 18.72px;">For example, the government has plain financial resource for construction project and spent almost exclusively for construction related items last century. But now, big chunk of them will be paid as financial cost for BOT and/or PMI as people argue private fund is useful to create more public works for the benefit of the people.</span></span></h3><h3><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-size: 18.72px;"><br /></span></span></h3><h3><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-size: 18.72px;">A decent part of money will go to the so called independent third parties for their certificates, report and affidavits at non bargain-able cost (handled by the non-technical people) for the security of capital while the construction hands need to compete each other.</span></span></h3><h3><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-size: 18.72px;"><br /></span></span></h3><h3><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-size: 18.72px;">Engineers must realize, somehow, they’re now playing secondary role in the construction project; but because of it they could concentrate in technical matters and become a better manager than people of other disciplines invading the profession. </span></span></h3><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><p style="text-align: left;"><b>面對變化層出不窮的契約形式,工程師必須承認非工程專業人員在契約與務款方面已多少取得主導權,以往只花在工程的款項必須支付財務、法律與商業人士,以保護業主為名所花的種種費用。他們必須有信心,且自覺工程成本也只有工程專業人士才能做好,才能重拾主導地位。</b></p><p style="text-align: left;"><b><br /></b></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #274e13;">5)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Market </span></h2><div><span style="color: #274e13;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #741b47;">(1).<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Contractors of Lemming Mentality</span></h3><div><span style="color: #4c1130;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000;">As it's said above, there're 2,800 strong
Class "A" contractors in Taiwan to apportion a small market; the
threshold to go into the construction market isn't high as capital (relatively
low to the contract amount) is concerned. When they get contracts, the
contractors will find many sub-tier contractors more than eager to share risks
and sometimes loss.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000;">The running cost for a Class "A"
contractor is low in Taiwan, the expense will be fee paid to the registered PE,
a tiny office, plus a clerk to answer the bell. When the bosses cannot get
business, pay such the low cost for "hibernation", will allow them hanging
on for long.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000;">The sleeping contractors will wake up when
they get contracts and then to recruit managers and engineers to activate the
company. Taiwanese people aren’t against shoot and off employment as most of
them like to stay in the area like big city or home town. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000;">So, the majority of the contractors are "entrepreneur"
type. They're competitive and spiral down ward the awarding price. The practice
is not possible to nurture big contractors with know-hows and experience in the
market.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000;">But once it is provoked by market turmoil destined
to happen every few years, such as sudden sabotage of dump trucks of 1990
(resulted in soil haulage hike and aggregate short supply), or sharp escalation
of steel price in 2006, the contractors wouldn’t have sufficient contingency provision
will go for broke. The number culled will be significant but it will rise again
if there is market re-juvenescence.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000;">The process repeats again and again; the
contractors go up and down riding on the changing tides. The one with bad luck
can capsize, but too many of them survive. One moment, the contractors' number
will be swelling like lemmings grow to incredible number in short spring time;
the other moment the nature will drive some of them jumping the cliff and the
rest follow subconsciously. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000;">The market is still there for another
cycle; but the professionals wouldn't have chance to lead the trend while
public has to bear most of the cost that speculators should have to pay.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span></span></p></h3><p style="text-align: left;"><b>台灣營建業者,數目太多,都以中小企業心態經營,無風險概念,進出市場容易。非專業但樂意投機者能夠生存對注重品質,正科出身之工程師與工程品質是威脅。</b></p><p style="text-align: left;"><b><br /></b></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #741b47;">(2) Style of Competition: Lowest Bid, Evaluated Lowest Bid, Value for Money.</span></h3><div><span style="color: #4c1130;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The problem of construction industry in
Taiwan is over competition. Lowest bid is blamed because under the bureaucratic
system the budgets were considered to be right and <a name="_Hlk104038475">served
as bench mark </a>for the contractors. The winning price was considered as true
market cost or the<a name="_Hlk104038544"> officials follow</a> them shall be
subject to official chastisement. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Automatically, people, the budget builders
or the tenderers will consider it as a bench mark for similar tenders. Vicious
cycle begins and the awarded prices have to wait for another episode close to
force majeure for correction; of course, it's always late.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Evaluated lowest bid is taken with the hope
that the best contractor and their offer can be selected as the champion to win
the tender; however, the selected may not be the most outstanding one, and the
judges' supposed imparity is often challenged. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Authorities had sometimes to amend the
criteria with the aim that it must be more fitful for particular tender but
more susceptible to criticism. So, the evaluated lowest bid system stopped at
2007 in Taiwan, and BOT and PMI also suspended. The lowest bid tendering system
prevailed for the next decade.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">It is true that in recent years the
contractors don't make money. They kept tendering and performed the contracts
only to sustain the company. They couldn’t afford to pay senior engineers
because of the poor overhead earned; the result is the loss of expertise.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">There will be limit to which the
contractors take the construction contracts because they can’t make profit
after all. The result is tenders "aborted" or the execution in chaos.
So, the evaluated lowest bid is coming back. There’s possibility and also a
reasonable hope that the authority may get lessons from flaws happened in the
past.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The criteria to select the best tenderer
for the tender shall be rationalized, especially that the persons to be
assigned as "judges“, shall be men of integrity.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Current tendering rules propping the idea for
EPC will nurture bigger and more public construction companies instead of the small
entrepreneurs who always cut corners of the fair competition is said to be the
solution to correct the market for persistent fragmentation. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">It could be a well wish and hind sight, but
seeing the implementation of FCPA (of the US) and similar laws of various
states, the big and public companies can be supervised more thoroughly in the
entire process. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The final goal for government spending
shall be "Value for Money", in which, the project completed will
worth money spent. It’s idealistic but we suppose the introduction of more
liberal ideas, moderate as it may be, will bring in the progress.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></span></p></h3><p style="text-align: left;"><b>競標評審,由最低標轉為最有利標,最終目標應為「物超所值」,如此市場才能進步、正常。</b></p><p style="text-align: left;"><b><br /></b></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #741b47;">(3) Elements of Competition.</span></h3><div><span style="color: #4c1130;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">A </span> <span style="color: #990000;">market considered normal will be the one
that the consumer is most important. For public works the government is single
biggest buyer, he can draw the lines to select the contractors based on their apparent
capability, past experience and planned execution plan for the tendered project.</span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span lang="EN-US"> <br /></span><span lang="EN-US">It means the government can define a clear
and objective criterion for elements such as price, technical approaches, time
of completion, safety record, experience in similar works, existing work
loading, managerial and technical resource in hands, records of contract
disputes (with owners) …etc.<br /></span><span lang="EN-US"> <br /></span><span lang="EN-US">For international tenders, the owners
usually will analyze and evaluate the tenders according to the criteria
established objectively. The scores and the tabulation can then be submitted to
higher ranking people, maybe people with reputation for review.<br /> </span><span lang="EN-US"> <br /></span><span lang="EN-US">The process will avoid complain that the
judgement in supporting contract award is made subjectively so as to prevent
the outside criticism and interference.<br /> </span><span lang="EN-US"> <br /></span><span lang="EN-US">It's true that during the selection of the winning
contractor, the authority and invited judges have to "play god" to weed
up the weaker or the unfit, and the result maybe that the selected aren’t the
perfect ones because many factors are involved during tender period and later
execution. Especially in Taiwan, public and the industry may not be patient and
those who shall be responsible are always susceptible to flak.<br /> </span><span lang="EN-US"> <br /></span><span lang="EN-US">However, the rules shall be respected and
endured some time to see what if it will change the construction industry players
and whether or not that the professionals will be allowed to lead the ring.</span></span></h3><div><span style="color: #990000;"><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></span></div>
<p style="text-align: left;"><b>承包商有不同能力、履歷、對招標工程</b><b>更應有最佳執行計畫;故除價格外,招標者應確實審核承商投標文件中所提供之工法規畫、過去完工時程、安衛紀錄、經驗、在建工程、現有技術及管理人才等資料。一般國際標審核,機關或其委託工作團隊,必將就投標廠商提供文件所顯示,根據前面所訂標準評分,再送高階或禮聘有名望人士複核,與台灣目前逕請評審委員評審,主、客觀程度有差,是不同之所在。</b></p><p style="text-align: left;"><b><br /></b></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #741b47;">(4) Defying the International Norms.</span></h3><div><span style="color: #4c1130;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Until now, the developed countries
especially Europeans and Americans have big say on the codes, standards,
disputes solutions and financial arrangement of the international projects.
They are the establishment to enjoy privileges and power more than their
competency in the industry.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">If the Asian contractors want to go
overseas or their owners ask them to copy the western practice for execution of
the project domestically, they may have the problems to follow specifications
and conditions strange to them. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">They won’t have sufficient chances or clout
to interpret the contract even try to show they’re familiar with the project
and have confidence to complete them as required by the owner following the
western philosophy to guarantee the success.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Despite they have good engineering
knowledge, construction skill and the ability to do the works substantially,
they suffer considerable losses in the construction market, international or a
transplantation from foreign by a client insist to do so. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">We believe it's not an intended design promoted
by certain races or cultures but it’s difficult, if not impossible, to change
the established practice immediately. Because there is humanity element in the
capitalist system, that the distrustfulness is used everywhere in the
administration of construction contract in the name to safeguard the people’s interest
that the concerned parties have to accept. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">There could be solutions, one is forceful
and intransigent, complete "westernization" like the South Koreans indisputably
good in construction of high rise building and complicated plant. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The other is to change the game rules as
Chinese have approached in their Belt and Road Initiatives: loan,
specification, contract terms, O&M, arbitration, success or failure, remain
to be seen. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">People have to recognize that many of our
practice in construction business, is originally very local, but add up with many
western flavors when economy grows. That now we think it’s universal, then you
modify them, or they change you.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></p></h3><p style="text-align: left;"><b>亞洲包商到海外,或本國業主要求其完全依先進國家執行該等工程方式於國內執行,會有對規範感到陌生,履約與工作經驗殊異等困難發生,因而產生虧損,且無法讓業主放心。實際上新興國家承包商,實體工程施作能力已臻水準,只是在文化、語言或管理上無法「西化」,而國際工程之技術、法律與財務制度卻是先至的歐美工程國家,從援助、貸款開始,所訂定,用他們的制度為制度;故至今他們還存有影響力,甚至宰制力。不可否認,在很多情況下,第一世界廠商之實質施工能力與效力已退化,但其已在建制中占一席之地,故在國際工程上仍享若干附加價值,並因此成為新興國家廠商承包國際工程的障礙。要打破這個局面,則需如韓國廠商在高層建築與重工廠房上,相對西方競爭者取得優勢,或如中國「一帶一路」,從出資、技術規範到契約驗收全部按照自己標準,才有取勝機會。</b></p><div><br /></div>mtkaoforum3131.blogspot.tw/http://www.blogger.com/profile/01353164324501698355noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2576271459816084234.post-54215097227808550382022-05-11T12:14:00.002+08:002022-05-14T16:26:25.115+08:00<p> </p><h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red;"><span lang="EN-US">Part 7, Advanced Civil Construction, </span><span face="新細明體, serif">台科大高等土木施工學教材</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: red;">(2022) </span><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">MT KAO (Blog:
http://mtkaoforum31.blogspot.tw/)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">(<a href="mailto:mtkaoforum31@gmail.com">mtkaoforum31@gmail.com</a>)</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h2 style="margin-left: 24pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="color: #741b47;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #741b47;">Resource Required for Project
Implementation</span></span> </h2>
<h3 style="margin-left: 24pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><span lang="EN-US">1)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #38761d;">Man</span></span> </span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: medium;">a. Power
to drive Individuals and Organizations to achieve Business Goal:</span></b></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US">-<b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">-Nature of Power</span></b></span><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">Man loves power, unlike animal’s content
with existence and reproduction; human desires are essentially boundless and incapable
of complete satisfaction.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">A large proportion of the human race is
obliged to work so hard in obtaining necessaries that little energy is left
over for other purposes; but those whose livelihood is assured do not cease to
be active, they look to power and glory. So young people start to drift in the
world will wonder why the needs of obtaining the two become imperative for
those have something.</span></b><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The easiest way to obtain glory is to
obtain power; this is especially the case as regards the men who are active in
relation to public events. The desire for glory, prompts the same actions by
the desire for power, and the two motives may be regarded as one.</span></b></span><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Power exhibits in many forms, such as
wealth, civil authority, and influence on opinion. No one of these can be
regarded as subordinate to any other, and there is no one form from which the
others are derivative.</span></b></span><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">人異於動物之處,在滿足溫飽與繁殖基本需求後,仍渴求光榮與權力。其形式可以為財富、公權力或以意見影響他人。</span></span></b><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">)</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span><b><span style="color: red;">-Organization</span></b><b><span style="color: red;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: red;">Among the phenomena featuring construction
industry, "Man" is most relevant.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Because people can't be alone to work out big and complicated structure
and buildings, they have to be molded into "organizations", to
synchronize different expertise and sized up strength, then are capable of
serving the society as a meaningful member of construction industry.</span></b></span><b><span style="color: red;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: red;">To make them functional and contributive,
organizations need to be given goals, compatible resource, and rules for
participants accepting rewards and punishments as inducements. So, there must
be leader, hierarchy, and systems in an organization; it means the engineers
won't be immune from influence of power maneuver, which an innocent engineering
debutant may hesitate to touch.</span></b></span><b><span style="color: red;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b><span style="color: red;">營建產業中,人的因素最重要;因需集合眾力與不同專業建構組織,才能完成大工程。既有組織,就要有工作目標,給予相稱資源,工作規律,因此需領導、科層級職與制度。因此與權力運作發生關係。</span></b></span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">-Leaders</span></b></span><b><span style="color: #b45f06;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">However, in an organization where
technology and experience are regarded as highly important, naked power
manifested on the leader assigned not with assent of the members but through
investment, heritance or tradition will have to share power with doyens of
superior skill and knowledge. It's the same that commercial people will get
their part of power apportioning when profitability is major concern.</span></b></span><b><span style="color: #b45f06;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">When the organizations become big and
complicated, power from creeds and over opinions of public will be another
origin. As a result, the leaders or candidates for them will be restrained for
the power, and the organizations' behavior will have to be institutionalized.</span></b></span><b><span style="color: #b45f06;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">So, the entire system become more
business-oriented at least in this part of capitalist world because we are sure
that any organization, be public or private, shall perform according to the
principle of utilitarianism that worth taxpayer, shareholders or expert's
trust.</span></b></span><b><span style="color: #b45f06;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span face="新細明體, serif">工程公司領袖可因繼承或政治指派而來,但權力會因技術或業務等考量而重新分配。故工程公司需遵守市場功利原則才能生存。</span></span></b><b><span style="color: #b45f06;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">-Power Distance</span></b></span><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Although it takes on different guises from
person to person, there's possibility that the leaders may pursue and profit
from enacting their own agenda using their naked and traditional power, and it
won't be conflicting that the follow employees who gains nothing will be
cooperative as they seem to gain vicariously from the superficial achievements
of the leaders.</span></b></span><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">It's fact that "genuinely cooperative
enterprise" often appeared in Asian countries where "power
distance" can be big between each layer of management and the young
startups are always taught only to listen and learn. But the deliberation of
power in an engineering organization will affect its benefit, loss, even
survival. On the other hand, individuals always humbly don't like to touch non-technical
issues and think by so they can be shielded from power manipulation of
imperious person.</span></b></span><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">So, people shall care about the leadership
and history of organizations he wants to join and make judgement whether or not
it's an organization worth fighting with.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></span><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">And it has to be noted, as organizations
differ in size and type, common to them all is the tendency for inequality of
power to increase as membership increases. It's a confusion to young people who
may have justice and fraternity in mind and consider big company management
rogue. <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The general effect of an organization, is
either to increase the well-being of persons, or to aid the survival of the
organization itself, apart from those resulting from governmental
self-preservation.</span></b><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b>公司非個人,需有不同面相;領導與基層之間權力距離應縮短,專斷與冷漠對公司發展都不好。</b></span></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>b.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Managerial
cadre:</b></span></span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: red;"><b>- Inflated
Titles for Professionals</b></span></span><b style="color: red;"> </b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: red;"><b>A successful engineering company requires
good balance between managers, professionals and occupational. But the balance
could only be achieved when number and quality of the "man" employed
matched operational requirement.</b></span></span><b style="color: red;"> </b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: red;"><b>Among all, loyalties to the company or the
boss personally in an industry where small entrepreneurs are everywhere, are
most important. It means steady employment that the "man" can be
recruited and assigned to work places for required period under reasonable
conditions. Qualification to fit the jobs is basic, and more than that, the
hired must be trusted for many inter-person deeds taking places every day in
construction industry.</b></span></span><b style="color: red;"> </b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: red;"><b>In Taiwan, there're 2,845 Class A
Contractors, 1243 Class B Contractors, 7,057 Class C Contractors, and 547
Specialty Contractors toward the end of 2019. Also not a smaller number of
Consulting Firms, Architects and independent PE Offices have been registered.
That it means thousands post of which qualification levels equal to general
managers, managers and senior engineers are wanted in the industry. The side
effects under the circumstance can be that the construction companies or
consultants cannot hire managers or engineers experienced enough for their
positions; and people also don't have opportunities to learn management or
technical skills in their career.</b></span></span><b style="color: red;"> </b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: red;"><b>台灣超過一萬家工程公司,就有超過這些數字數倍的總經理、副總、部門經理職缺,工程師如看重職銜甚於專業學習,結果只是事浮於人,或專業無法提升?</b></span></span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">-Recruitment</span></b></span><b><span style="color: #b45f06;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Under the circumstance, market
fragmentation is ensured as many small companies or institutions in the
industry struggle for survival. But people still cherish their titles such as
vice presidents or directors of the companies even the jobs require them to do
works of more occupational content than professional ones.</span></b></span><b><span style="color: #b45f06;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">The situation further worsens when
impatient authority tried to introduce project management system supposed
compatible with international practice. The problem is unless there is an
overhaul in construction related companies to stop the vicious cycle of
professionalism tumbling, make it plain, the decimation of underperformed
companies following the restructure of enduring ones should be required first
to transform the disciplines, grade, and initiative of engineers, and then
proceed to neat, clean and efficient 21st century construction</span></b></span><b><span style="color: #b45f06;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">台灣營建業徵人遭遇困難,此又因主管機關盼能與國際同步,實施先進營建管理制度,作更大程度專業分工,需要大量專才出現了更大問題。</span></b></span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">-<a name="_Hlk102915742">Professional and
Occupational</a></span></b></span><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">People working in the industry understand
the difference between Professional and Occupational is whether or not they’ll
use brain all the time. However, they must be aware a professional can easily
and unconsciously become an occupational. The situation may include they
practicing routine and unchallenged work too long, or simply losing the brain power
to reason and to judge.</span></b></span><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Always the changes in the market or
industry will bring in the impact, that people have to wary if their income are
hardly raised or the employers explicitly ask for more training and test for
the same job they’ve carried out.</span></b></span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #38761d;">c. Project-based
or Department-oriented(functional) Management:</span></b></span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: red;">- Diploma
Over-Trump Proficiency</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: red;">Conventionally, general public always
considers diploma is equal to people's ability and it compels the authority to
accept the idea that expertise can be tested through examination. So, for
convenience the project owner and the party responsible for supervision
wouldn’t look into the true curriculum of job candidate. The outcome that
bureaucrats waive their power to judge the adequacy of proposed project staff,
is that they have to use all the tools and weapon to safeguard the quality and
progress of the works, but in vain.</span></b></span><b><span style="color: red;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b><span style="color: red;">傳統觀念將學歷等同能力,並認為專業可由考試檢測出來;在此觀念下,主管機關放棄了依實務來判斷公共工程派任的專業人員否合格的權力,退守到以工進及成本等契約最後目標,作為管理包商手段,等於是捨本求末,難能成功。</span></b></span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">-Company’s Shrived HQ</span></b></span><b><span style="color: #b45f06;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Only a few companies in Taiwan have fortune
to expand their organization into big, and sophisticated matrix structure, in
which both project-based and functional department-oriented management
co-existed and support each other.</span></b></span><b><span style="color: #b45f06;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">As we’ve shown above, many entrepreneur-led
companies with limited business volume have to adopt project-based management,
of which, the practice is to assign people to site offices meeting minimum of
client's requirement. The project offices are presumed to gain technical and
management backup from knowledgeable engineers in each functional department,
however, it couldn't be done as fierce competition to get the tender has
hallowed head offices, we saw the veterans disappeared over time.</span></b></span><b><span style="color: #b45f06;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Consequently, people are reduced only to
work on projects of which the design and construction are general and routine
because they don't hold engineers capable of developing know-hows of projects. But
in reality, the companies have to establish for the project something similar
to matrix organization to furnish the required support provided by both
project-base and functional department-oriented system.</span></b></span><b><span style="color: #b45f06;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">台灣工程業除少數外,無法承接足夠業務,合理成長,故只能採專案管理方式</span></span></b><b style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">,要求工地在一定金額內自給自足。工地在專業上無法期待支援,工程師亦無機會在功能性部門學習、成長;應有的可以整合計畫部門與功能性部門的矩陣式組織就不會存在了。</span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b style="color: #38761d;">d. Personal
and organizational behaviors:</b> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>- Company Culture related to Size</b></span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span><b style="color: #2b00fe;">Personal behaviors are different from
person to person, also in different time for the same person. When an
organization is formed, it behaves as a person but like persons it will have
different faces overtime. It depends on the leaders very much; especially the
way he handles coordination and communication.</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Organization mainly consist of engineers
and ruled by them can be stiff and fastidious in giving orders and executing
them. The reason and the result maybe it need to avoid mistakes and at the same
time push things forward. But people with more liberal or creative thought may
not appreciate and can be shut put; not good to business development and
technological innovation. To mitigate that, a motley style of coordination and
communication in a big company is highly valued.</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">組織係由個人組成,會有多個面相;眾人工作成效能否加成,領導負責溝通協調,最為關鍵。工程師不允許發生錯誤,在工作上要求嚴謹,故由其擔任首長、主管的公司會有僵化情形;有創見人才不一定能見容。故組織龐大之公司更應注意溝通協調。</b> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: red;">- High and Low Context Cultures</span></b></span><b><span style="color: red;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: medium;">When organization is small, cultures can be
defined as "high context”, more inclined toward relational and
collectivist. Message can be spread effectively aiding by gestures, relations,
body language, verbal messages, or non-verbal messages between individuals.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: medium;">But when organization grow big,
communication shall be more explicit, direct, and elaborate; because under the
circumstance the individuals are not expected to have knowledge of each other's
histories or background, and communication can't be shaped by long-standing
relationships between speakers, they depend more on the words being spoken
rather than on the interpretation of more subtle or unspoken cues. In such
case, the organizations need low context culture.</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: red;">"High" and "low"
context cultures typically refer to language groups, nationalities, or regional
communities. However, they have also been applied to corporations, professions
and other cultural groups. Though not all individuals in a culture can be
defined by cultural stereotypes, it can roughly classify:</span></b><b><span style="color: red;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: red;">* When we're in elementary school,
classmates and teacher fixed in the same classroom all day will know more each
other, it's high context; and in university, people come and go, with
professors and classmates the communication is made in lower context.</span></b></span><b><span style="color: red;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: red;">* In smallest companies, boss know every
employee, give orders and evaluate performance themselves, it's high context;
in big companies, departments and levels are many, between them the
communication needs to be made in meetings with minutes or written mails, power
must be delegated and the bosses reduced to figurehead.</span></b></span><b><span style="color: red;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: red;">* The lawyers and accountants talk and
writes to identify the truth must be precise in words and numbers, they're of
the lower context; the engineers and businessman next, while the farmers deal
with the same lands and climates for life can be higher context.</span></b></span><b><span style="color: red;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: red;">* In nations or societies where harmony and
the well-being of the group is preferred over individual achievement, higher
context cultures can be more prevailing in Asian countries, that many of them
subsistent on peasantry economy historically. While European and North American
countries long developed their industry, the culture can be lower context.</span></b></span><b><span style="color: red;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: red;">People grow up in different context of
culture will have distinct response toward the organization which he is hired;
however, he can judge how or whether he has to change himself in behavior if he
knows more about the cultural group the organization belong to; people will
have flexibility for change when he is young.</span></b></span><b><span style="color: red;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b><span style="color: red;">在企業作事,須了解高低情境文化之不同與所造成影響。在較為固定經濟與社會體制下,人們不需要用精確語言、文字溝通,甚至以粗略言談加上手勢、表情即可完成意思之表述,此為高情境文化或社會;反之為低情境。營建業隨時代推移,注重追溯與證據,與傳統相反。大公司或組織之管理與運作,更須避免猜度,工程師自初學即應了解情境高低與溝通協調之關係。</span></b></span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>e.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Labor
laws, quality, incentives, unions</b></span></span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">- Labor and Taxation Laws in Taiwan</span></b></span><b><span style="color: #b45f06;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Working at site as construction people or
supervisors will have to follow the weather instead of the calendar for their
agenda. There's considerable improvement for employees on the aspect as labor
law and regulation interfere; but the employer especially the big companies may
not be able to observe to the law completely. It's also one of the reasons that
sub-contractors and work gangs are introduced to the project for execution as
they may be more "flexible' to follow the law.</span></b></span><b><span style="color: #b45f06;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">More than law abiding for overtime
assignment, smaller company in Taiwan can pay corporation tax in deemed amount
in exchange of lax scrutiny into their books. It means sometimes they can
neglect or under report their employees' personal tax, retire fund or health
care premium. And beyond monetary obligation evaded, they can be freer to
recruit employees especially for blue collar people that many of them illegal
foreign labors.</span></b></span><b><span style="color: #b45f06;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">A well-organized company in construction
industry will consider laws amended in favor of employees are draconian, and
tend to be meticulous toward recruitment even for white collar professionals.
So, when construction or design companies have to rely on dispatched people to
fulfill minimum contract requirement, they actually leave the responsibility to
lay off people to manpower dispatch agencies; which is big departure to the
professionalism.</span></b></span><b><span style="color: #b45f06;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: medium;">現場工作進度會受天候影響,須完全負責之承包商人員之工作時間就無法有固定上班或休假時間。但大公司須遵守勞動法令又要依約完成工作,稅務上亦有同樣考量,故常發包給較有彈性之小公司。此都不甚有利於專業工程師之業界發展。</span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><b style="color: #2b00fe;">- Taiwan’s Scrupulous Professionals</b><b style="color: #2b00fe;"> </b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>in Taiwan, <a name="_Hlk102932944">professionals</a>
also have their problem to learn things needed to develop their expertise. People
are lack of patience in pursuance of knowledge and expertise for professionalism.
They’re easy to accept jobs satisfying their temporary quest of titles and income
and thus demand conditions more related to income, welfare and places of their
work. Some of them may need to share with spouse for family chores and tend to
work on regular hours.</b></span></span><b style="color: #2b00fe;"> </b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>We learn that the professionals are working
with their brain and are hardly quit the job for entire 24 hours a day. It
means if they can cut clean with the work after office hour, they’re not better
than any occupational for engineering solution at all. <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b><span lang="EN-US">There could be a compromise likely to be
reached with an irresponsible employer to sacrifice the work quality, but, and
it opens the chance for those don’t have formal engineering background to fill
the vacancy; thus, a degradation of professionalism.</span> </b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>Yes,
it’s an industry where toil and sweat sometimes still overwhelm the brain leaving
rooms for those who don’t embrace professionalism. But the projects continue to
demand certificated and licensed engineers, then people who have received
engineering education may have potential and chances to claim back their
dominance in the realm</b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>綜上,工程師容易遷就短線的較高職銜與收入,或想留在都會區等而放棄了技術上學習、上達的機會,短期內非工程專業者或有填補真空的機會。但台灣的法治環境較佳,加上時間和耐性,專業工程師有機會在營建界當家作主。</b></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>mtkaoforum3131.blogspot.tw/http://www.blogger.com/profile/01353164324501698355noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2576271459816084234.post-12043993017964054472022-05-01T22:49:00.005+08:002022-05-05T13:53:21.435+08:00<h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red;"> Part 6, Advanced Civil Construction, 台科大高等土木施工學教材(2022)</span> </h2><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">MT KAO (Blog: http://mtkaoforum31.blogspot.tw/)</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">(mtkaoforum31@gmail.com)</span></b></p><p><br /></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #741b47;">3.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Remuneration, Feeling of Fulfillment, and Chances of Promotion in Different Entities</span></h2><p><span style="color: #741b47;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #274e13;">1)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Academy: </span></h2><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">a.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Nationalization and bureaucratization of educational <span style="font-size: medium;">institution.</span></span></h3><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>- In medieval Europe, universities meant a place where students from everywhere were welcomed. They were taught the arts and had at least one of the higher faculties (theology, law or medicine), by those with a master's degree. So, the term was studium generale as the aim was to provide students and the general public academic foundations in line with the humanistic roots.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>And the changes begun from Germany in 19th century, the academic study was considered more essential than to disseminate the knowledge to students and the general public as Von Homboldt maintained in his Berlin University. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>The capitalist American went farther to introduce the ideas for universities and the colleges to become“technology research center” either by accepting chunky donation from privates or obtain funds in collaboration with big companies for programs. As the result, the “university” actually is “multiversity” and become kind of “knowledge industry” entice the talents and transform them to be “useful” in the market.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>As it evolves, there’re many academic communities of different scientific subjects established in the universities. The institutes have to achieve the goal assigned to them in the research program and so require the combined effort of various faculty members for minimal multiplicity. And it means the organizations have to be sizable to include scholars of different disciplines; specialists, technicians, and in some cases, the managers.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>And because only the government can pay the money to sustain an organization of meaningful capacity, the nationalization and bureaucratization of the university is unavoidable. Then the autonomy of faculty is gone that the professors has to respect the imposed hierarchy, follow the government procurement law, honor the quantified evaluation system. And it means, the young men decide to work in the academy for life needs to know everything about scholar’s recruitment, pay, and promotion as many of the civil servants do.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>There can be countries with thrive industries and successful businessmen granting huge sums of money to the university. For all their best intension or pragmatism to inspirit innovation, the receiving parties may proceed to employ needed people for the advance study programs not related to teaching and study. In addition to the salaries and bonus given to the scholars and specialist, tools, software and apparatus required to advance the innovation can be paid, thus facilitate the general study as well. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>Therefore, the conventional boundary between the ivory tower and the outside world is blurred. Lucky or not, the campus grows and aggrandized; but it looks as if it were a technical center of big company, buoyed, motived and boosted by the same market force plumped the industry.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cambridge and Oxford could be the last to insist its tradition that the university should bend on the “liberal education” to nurture the gentlemen. But in 1956, the UK government astonished that the country lagged much behind the US and Soviet Union in technology and science; had to issue a whitepaper for higher education mainly to accept the promotion of Colleges of Advanced Technology (CATS) to university level. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>The UK faculty leaders shared the government’s view realizing the fact there should be scientific culture in addition to the humanity culture, and the “Argument of Two Cultures” had to come to a hold. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>In certain countries the university can be supported by charities, donation and wealthy alumni just like the universities and graduate schools in the American Ivy Leagues so as to be free from the government interference. </b></span></p><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">b.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Fate, connections, and politic may play part in the assignment and promotion of faculty positions.</span></b></h3><p><br /></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>In theory, the assignment and promotion in the public faculty will be fair because the qualification set for the contested is stringent and people responsible to smack the decision are supposed wise and objective in such an independent organization. But in practice, the odd is high that the un-qualified may win out as they know how to use the connection and politic skillfully. So, for those who expect the meritocracy will prevail in keep the academic body lean and competent can be disappointed.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">The other side of the coin is when universities are funded by public money the regulations for personnel management are rigid, and less influenced by the powerful or the unprincipled. </span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Sometimes, the faculty may have their unique requirement for particular topics for researches, they may recruit scholars who would provide talent at that special moment and then they may start academic career; it’s the fate. The opposite also is true when an eligible can’t be picked over years just because lack of luck.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">c.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Inspiration, heart and soul are still required in developing scientific and engineering theories.</span></b></h3><p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span> People get fame in academic career may claim later that there’s no coincidence in his success and tell the young man to work hard because scientific and engineering theories can only be accomplished through endeavor. It’s true but not necessarily that the hard work will invite the success. Young starters have to learn that the aspiration is required in the process to initiate an idea, fill the void and perfect the defect. </span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>in develop some theory in their career, often the people will place their attention more on time and effort they’ve spent over the issues and await the aspiration come to add favors on the plain calculation. It’s not realistic and people has to have heart and soul if they want to do scientific study. </span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>People who are mediocratic actually shall avoid to pursue the academic achievement. </span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></b></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">d.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Limited monetary remuneration augmented with infrequent plaudits complete full reward scheme of scholars.</span></b></h3><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Monetary remuneration is limited for people working in academic. There may be something in compensation for the low income, that is the feeling of fulfillment and achievement. </span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">A real scholar will feel happy when he discovers or believes that he will be able to offer next generation people a branch of knowledge, though may not be perfect or permanent, even the plaudit is short and rare.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>However, the modern university may change. As we said, it will change to “knowledge industry” in collaboration with companies thirsty to find collaborators for technology improvement. We’ve witnessed big business pour in chunk of money to finance faculty in an unprecedent manner. </span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">The law also modified to allow people other than pure wonks join the faculty to conduct researches; and the pay is not subject to any limitation. Bonus and other incentives are offered to the people who’re supposed to be acclaimed for their virtue. </span></b></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">2)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Professional entities such as architects and consulting firms</span></b></h3><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">a.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The professionals don't produce, manufacture or build, they offer design report and solutions based on expertise that can hardly be quantified; so, they receive bonus and prize based on subjective review in addition to the fixed salary.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">People who’re admitted to big architect and consulting firms are expected to listen to the orders and to begin as a simple part of complicated machine. Remuneration wouldn’t be high as the company consider you gain more in learning as new comer.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>Promotion, or work adjusted for next stage seem to be taken grant; but mainly depend on your altitude.</b> </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">b.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Managers of architects and consulting firms are critical to create a sound work environment for efficiency, recruit people of high talent, take the lead in competition, recognize and reward those who work hard with decent pay, and find the new customers and win their trust; so, they deserve high income.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">Even though the market is not small in some of the countries, the architects and consulting firms would have their fix clients. The relationship cultivated are between, in most of the cases, the institutions and not the individuals. It’s very apparent in Taiwan, and the individuals have to be careful in asserting their business credit.</span></b></p><p> </p><p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">c.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>As a trend and also out of necessity, capital gains such as profit, dividend, interest, rent and royalty are offered to the employees in the form of company stock, partnership, or special agreement.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">When the majority of shares held in government or big organization, the persons in custody tend to be more conservative and the not the persons running the company lose an effective tool to manage the company. It’s the situation for the two biggest civil engineering consultants in Taiwan. </span></b></p><p><br /></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">d.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The rates and prices of consultancy contracts are low by international standard, so that the professional’s pay is restrained in Taiwan. </span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">The professionals, especially those in the consultant firms, have to work long time to get enough money compared to the engineers working in the other countries. The difference in annual remuneration between the senior and junior engineers are not so much and it decreases the incentives of the employees. The reasons are again, partly due to the government’ holding of the shares for big consulting company. The small, private and localized consultant firms always submitting low price is also the reason that the professionals in Taiwan don’t have good income as their foreign counterpart. </span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">The civil engineering consultants always require top talents, but, many of them ceased to work hard for the nature of the company and the difficulties to draw a smooth and reasonable clear path; many of them are said to have early retirement. Recently, it’s improves at least for the employees as demand is increased.</span></b></p><p><br /></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #274e13;">3)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Construction firms</span></h2><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">a.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Contractors command more resources than any other players in the industry and the pay difference among their staffs is significant and decided by project profit and loss.</span></b></h3><p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">For the same project, different managers will significantly make the resulted profitability completely different. Therefore, the bosses will carefully choose the manager or won’t delegate any power to the under in the case of small company. And for big project, it requires good manager(s) and qualified staff to work around the clock. There’s nothing but to offer strong incentives as the boss is concerned. </span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">And it means, a devoted and smart employee will be able to distinguish himself in the construction firms. </span></b></p><p><br /></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">b.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>In Taiwan, the owners prefer low cost and hasten progress. So always construction companies are put under extreme pressure to meet contractual requirement, and only staff (leading by a relentless boss) can withstand the grinding work condition will get higher pay and the employment, not much to do with their proficiency, not mentioning feeling of achievement.</span></b></p><p><br /></p><p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">c.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Reformation that allow the constructor to do the works in design and build has been introduced to the market, and now that the industry is less fragmented so the construction firms can grow and allow the professionals either technical or managerial developing their skill and climbing the company ladder. </span></b></p><p><br /></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">d.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Specialty contactors if have more control on expertise shall be more dominant as the nature of the works now are more than simple concrete pouring and rebar binding when economy evolved and the project more complicated.</span></b></p><p><br /></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #274e13;">4)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Government Employees </span></h2><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>a.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>In Taiwan and many Asian countries, the government employees are prestigious and respected despite its low salary and limited power. The reasons may be the employment is permanent and the work isn’t manual. In the case of civil engineering, the mandarins are responsible to certify the progress in every stage and accept the completed stuff of the project, highly influential to the public works and the contractors. So, can be the top choice of graduates.</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>b.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>But as the economy grows the government enact many laws and regulations, which aren’t flexible in nature for implementation but the civil servants need to follow. In addition, the politicians, media and public frequently overrule the professed opinion; making young engineer uncomfortable and hesitate to go after the government posts. </b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">c.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>At the time when resources were scarce, only the government would be affordable to import construction technologies and appeal to the talents to work for big projects. It’s attractive for engineers. Now that working for private companies could get even better access for modern technology under more discerning evaluation. The incentives for young talents to work for government are drastically reduced.</span></b></p><p><br /></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #274e13;"><b>5)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Bosses or self-employed</b></span></h2><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>a.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>In a market-oriented economy, the individuals are free to exercise will and power in their own enterprise plus that the sub-let system in Taiwan will allow new comers to deliver the works easy; then the threshold to start construction business looks low. Many young people thus select to become entrepreneurs before they can learn something as other’s employees. </b></span> </span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">b.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>A contractor needs capital, follow engineers, business connections, access to resources required for execution, and above all a mentality to lead the teammates you want to summon for successful performance; therefore, it requires years of experience. But the rigor and aggressiveness to found an enterprise will only attached to a young brain, then you’ve to determine whether to be boss or self-employed at early stage of your life.</span></b></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">c.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>However, construction people often risked to become accomplices of authority, super or sub tier contractors stealing public money. The temptation are overwhelming: providing bad material, not build according to the drawing, faulting the contracts. The bosses always excuse themselves for the need of survival. But actually, they like to enjoy lucrative contracts and believe they’re well protected. But in the long run the systematic fraud could be exposed and the professionals forsaking ethic principles would be sacrificed. </span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">Unlike many developing worlds, Taiwan escaped endemic corruption during and after the days massive infrastructure projects are under construction. If you want to be a boss in Taiwan, the risk is smaller.</span></b></p><div><br /></div>mtkaoforum3131.blogspot.tw/http://www.blogger.com/profile/01353164324501698355noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2576271459816084234.post-45553147789976551442022-04-07T09:17:00.000+08:002022-04-07T09:17:23.736+08:00<p><span style="color: #800180;"> (NTUST, 5908701)</span></p><h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;">Part 5, Advanced Civil Construction, 台科大高等土木施工學教材(2022) </span></h1><h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">MT KAO (Blog: http://mtkaoforum31.blogspot.tw/)</span></h1><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #2b00fe;">(mtkaoforum31@gmail.com)</span></p><p><br /></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d;">3)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The social factors that interact and influent the industry and professionals</span></h2><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">a.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The level and timing infrastructure works having been built in relation with stages of economy development in different countries:</span></h3><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>Quick developing economy really needs good infrastructure to keep bustling, or to lose momentum. Consider the case in IT-savvy India, the dilapidated roads, ports, and power systems often slash several point GDP off every year while Japan, Asian tigers, and China seem not to be bothered by poorly or untimely construction of infrastructure for their economic success.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>Construction of infrastructure projects for its diverse requirement will stimulate demand of building material, construction machine and tools, furniture, and services like advertisement banking. On the other hand, when social and economic developments come up, the construction industry will be benefited, for example, people are more affordable for new houses.</b></span></p><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">b.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Culture, custom and history as background of construction contracts and their execution.</span></h3><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>Civil engineering is always considered as sort of physical science and employees or managers of construction companies require high degree of engineering expertise and mechanical knowledge; this is especially true in developing countries where tradition could be dismissed as a redundancy soon to be given away in the course toward modernization. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>Unlike manufacturing or IT industries, construction has its origin and background in history, culture, custom, geography, and even memory, it links to human affairs, conventional, reflective but also transformative and thus require both rational approach and sentimental interpretation. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>So even people with transcending mind must understand that the contracts and the trading system they based on can be functioning and become significant only when they’re known to conform to the concept and behavior of the market which may not be occidental as they learned under western influence.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>It's easy for engineer, to accept science and engineering fundamentals in school and be a good expert afterward; but to be a successful construction industrialist one has to secure more humanities attainment when he want to be the company leader and industry visionary later in the career with "construction" is an art rather than a science in his mind.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>An engineer sometimes may feel frustrated when he encountered resistance trying to promote top notch infrastructure projects but fails to convince the general public. However, he should realize the implementation of public works should always be kind of choices rather than direct conviction that pure scientific matter will rule.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>The civil engineers should realize the efforts he rendered explaining the new idea or criticize the existing unreasonable things will not be in vain, because each time he gives reasoning, persuasion and novel idea, he can shake, crumble, and change public perception incrementally and it finally will be crystalized in his favor, the process further demonstrate the construction industry is not a yes or no scientific verdict.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>On the other hand, the civil engineer should also know all the information give to public will only be considered as brute data instead of precise evidence, which can be refine or redefined as environment and situation will change from time to time.</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">c.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>How serious a society is concerned with public affairs and their trust on technical people in terms of national development plans, budget allocation and relevant laws?</span></h3><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>Important government posts in young democracies need participation of civil engineers. Often, they hold positions up to the cabinet level drawing national development plans for years and decades. It is the term “technocrats" applicable for those people that their expertise is hardly to be replaced under regimes of different ideologies. Possibly their political life will outlive the politicians promoted them.</b></span></p><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">d.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The stability, clarity and efficiency of political system:</span></h3><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>However, construction people sometimes risked to become accomplices of those powerful stealing public money. It is because infrastructure contracts usually involve tremendous sums and require different sub tier companies to perform the works, so that the illicit money is easy to hide and their parking is handy. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>The harm can't be controlled as there are wicket foreign governments eager to provide unrestricted loans and aids in the name of infrastructure development to the unprincipled and unaccountable politicians for bad political intention.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>Thus, many developing countries with abundant resources can be end up in debt and poverty, the so-called resource curses, because the politicians and their cronies will take every advantage of countries' limited fortune. Under the circumstance the money spent will never buy worthy and required infrastructure and civil work contractors are highly blamed. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>The bad story of construction conglomerate, Odebrecht of Brazil demonstrates the farce/tragedy in the past few years: presidents, premiers, ministers, parliamentarian, businessman and people of significant suicided, imprisoned, indicted in more than 10 countries.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">(http://mtkaoforum31.blogspot.com/2019/04/)</span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>Contractors always excuse the need to survive as the reason to be part of the kleptocracy, but the cruel truth is construction contracts can be lucrative, and most of the times flawless, under the coverage of the powerful. Systematic fraud will have devastated the entire economy and the civil engineers can be blamed as conspirators of the scam.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>Professionalism should be the only antidote to fight the greedy and impunity behind the organized corruption. Ethic education has to be enforced since the early days of engineers training. Of course, it needs time and patience to take effect especially in a society of obscurity.</b></span></p><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">e.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Power, organization and the leader.</span></h3><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>The implementation of construction projects needs a robust industry consist of more than individuals. The organizations in the form of companies and institutes fulfill the requirement; and it means, the exercise of leadership and coordination between the different organizations and individuals are essential to the efficiency and success.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>Interestingly, people always refrain from acknowledging the importance of “power” as to administer or lead an organization. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>Man loves power, and its essence is boundless and never are satisfactory to obtain. Sometimes the synonym of power is glory, and the remuneration, fame and promotion of the both can be used as useful and positive incentives within the organization for individuals. And so, we’ve leader and their authority.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>Leaders in the construction industry can be exhibited in the form of bosses, managers or doyens; people with different personality will be able to find their places.</b></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #134f5c;"><br /></span></h3><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #800180;">2.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Preparation and Choices by Engineers for their Career</span></h2><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #134f5c;">1)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Keep curiosity and sensitivity for things around:</span></h3><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">a.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Identify the model figures in the related academy, companies or business; either for their achievement or failures. Through the following up of the individuals and their career, young men will know more about the industry and the business.</span></h3><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>It’s important to learn from your rivals; the competition, envy or simple disdainfulness could serve as strong motives for people serious to obtain progress. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>Man needs enemy but he also needs to know ow to make reconciliation.</b></span></p><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">b.</span><span style="color: #990000; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="color: #990000;">Make certain for what you really want, and set up your career goal as early as possible.</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></h3><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Whether or not the goal is achievable or reasonable must and can be checked with rationality.</span></h3><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br />As an engineer, the efforts to realize career goal must be passionate and sustainable; a state of complacency will stop one’s learning process and is the major reason that an engineer cease to advance. </span></h3><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br />So, when people find they’re not so curious about many things in daily life as before, it will be alarming for losing a critical tool in developing their wisdom.<br />Sometimes, commercial success can confuse the career goal that people set for their original intention, either people can go contented or even wilder. It has to be balanced.</span></h3><p style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></b></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">c.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Try to be an intellectual not to bend to the public opinion easily.</span></h3><p><br /></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">During the proceeding of public works construction, many people that may include politicians, end users, stake holders, contracting parties, and work crews, will try to exercise their influence for their benefit. </span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">The means can be persuasion, violence, contractual imperatives, overwhelming public opinions, or anything that may cause much pressures to bend the professionals.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">And only the Engineers are intellectuals, sorts of brainy persons who engages in intensive reasoning and deep thinking, they shall be responsible for the works completed in common good; he shall defy the illogic and fight against near sight of the ordinary people though knows they are holding power. </span></b></p><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d;">2)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Understand your own: </span></h3><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">a.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Personality decided over 50% of what and how people will take their jobs -</span></h3><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>Introvert or extrovert, competitive or pacific, simple or sophisticated, work in solo or in group, daring or scrupulous, acute or slow, commanding or compliant, polemics or quiet, etc.</b></span></p><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">b.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Capability </span></h3><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Knowledge, expertise, proficiency, logic, skill, common sense, morality quotient, etc., though are difficult to be evaluated objectively, but all can be learned through endeavors, and therefore measured by the people themselves.</span></h3><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">c.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Background and experience </span></h3><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>While it’s a fact that people are much influenced by their back-ground, family, friends, teachers, seniors, neighbors, etc., for their interest, intention and future; many fail to distinguish it’s a “gift” or a” must”.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #134f5c;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #134f5c;">3)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Education and training</span></h3><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">a.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Expertise according to mechanics and disciplines: </span></b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">geotechnics, structure, architecture, hydrology and irrigation, roadwork, coastal and marine, mechanic, electric, HVAC, etc.</span></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">b.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Disciplines according to the necessity to implement the projects: </span></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>planning, design, construction methodology, survey and set out, supervision, drafting, progress, quality assurance and control, cost control, quantity survey, machine and plant control, contract administration, litigation, inventory, first aid, financial management, accounting, information, administration, etc.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">c.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Young engineers shall Identify their own roles in an uncertain future and prepare skill and proficiency according to individual's aptitude for adaptation:</span></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>However, in a real world they should not be too sentimental and bound by degrees of the objectivism; so, in most of the cases he has to obtain as many as possible licenses, certificates, and academic degrees in line with many countries' system: diploma, licenses, certificates, verdicts of on job training, etc. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">d.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Professional " skill" to be nurtured:</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>complex problem solving, critical thinking, creativity, people management, coordinating with others, emotional intelligence, judgement and decision making, service orientation, negotiation, and cognitive flexibility, though not to be stringently followed but meaningful in the practice.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">e.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The professionals shall make a choice as early as possible according to their own awareness and capability</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">: </span></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>consultant or contractor, technical or managerial, in-house or at site, official or private, domestic or international, employed or boss; before coming to age, say 30s. The reasons are in two: 1). there won’t be employers permit you to work many different jobs and make final choice. 2). your brain power won’t allow you to swift between jobs of opposite nature passing the peak.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>f.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Among all, attitude will decide everything:</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>Young engineers modest in their approach at workplace will allow them to develop the required leadership, and accumulate the knowledge regarding professionalism and humanity; all are indispensable to their maturity. The kind of gracious start will grant them a prominent position in the industry and help to grip the trend of market change.</b></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>In other words, people when contact with complicated real world, habitual vision will probably prejudice them for long before back to a more rational and pragmatical track. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>Defiance to the establishment, either the organizations or the powerful is usual for young men. However, if the distant uncertainty of one’s future can be conceptualized into a firm belief that the norms of the competing world will be built on rules and discipline, the struggles that every man is enemy to every man won’t last long.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>Open mind shall be most important to young hearts; though it’s difficult!</b></span></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p>mtkaoforum3131.blogspot.tw/http://www.blogger.com/profile/01353164324501698355noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2576271459816084234.post-25068747915945079412022-03-21T00:23:00.005+08:002022-03-21T21:45:58.068+08:00<p> (NTUST, 5908701)</p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red;">Part 4, Advanced Civil Construction, 台科大高等土木施工學教材(2022) <br />MT KAO (Blog: http://mtkaoforum31.blogspot.tw/)</span></h2><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-weight: normal;">(mtkaoforum31@gmail.com)</span></h4><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #274e13;">2) Supporting Entities:</span></h3><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">(1). Banks</span></h3><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>Banks offer credit lines, grant loans, and acting as agents to collect or pay bills, draft, and cheques to companies or individuals doing business of construction and engineering.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>Banks issue guarantee letters or cheques to the clients for bid bond, performance bond, advance payment bond, and warranty bond at the request of construction entities such as construction companies, design consultants, professional engineers, and architects.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>In many cases, banks will issue letter of credit for contractors to buy equipment, material and service required to complete the project. There will be overdraft facilities for companies to pay outstanding amount reasonably required in performing contracts with ultimate owners, the main contractors or upper tier contractors.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>Banks will evaluate the profitability, sizes, collateral, and reputation of the company, and grant them amount of credit and quote the premium and interest rates; over time there will be fluctuation.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>There is possibility that the banks agreeing to offer loans for BT, BOT, or BOO projects, based mainly on feasibility, completion guarantee, and the ultimate owner of the projects (and in the case of overseas projects, the government and the owner). Usually commercial banks need backups of fund, investment companies or even state.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>When construction related entities wouldn't obtain the credit lines as required or the existing credit amount sharply reduced, they could be pushed toward insolvency. The consequence usually is very serious and could probably invoke chain reactions for subcontractors and sub vendors for several times the amount main contractors indebted.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>If the state won't go for rescue, banks, subcontractors, vendors, their employees will be induced for damages like the case happened to the second biggest contractor, Carillion of UK. But normally in a democracy, no sane politicians will vote continuing to finance the troublemaker, that's why banks are cautious in Taiwan.</b></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">(2). Insurance Company</span></h3><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>All the construction contracts need insurance company to provide coverage for damages to property and persons related to the projects unless it happens due to excepted risks.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>The employers wish themselves and the follow contractors to be compensated for maximum and paying minimal fee. The public work owners are big customers so they will prescribe what they want in the contract document, and supposed insurance companies and the contractors usually will comply the stipulation.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>However, in many occasions the crooked contracting parties seek to reduce, even very few percent, insurance premium, will ask acquiescent insurers to provide conforming policies with internal agreement deleting the critical clauses demanded by the employers. Though the insurance companies can be more law abiding but there are brokers sticking to the old way doing business; it is a headache for employers and honest contractors.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>Compensation to the contracting parties when perils occur spelled another trouble for contractors, too. The appraisers' proffer can be wide ranged and unpredictable. On the other hand, some of the contractors in Taiwan didn't invest sufficient in construction facilities to avoid risk but come up with plumped figures for compensation and made money with obvious and intentional negligence of the insurers.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>There were stories that the re-insurer like Lloyd's of London rejected to reinsure tunnel work construction of Taiwan in 90's as many "Names" losing so much money. We don't know the root reasons of tunnel failure are the result that they're too hard to drill or the peril mostly caused by insured, appraisers and insurers yet.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>In the United States, the project surety is issued mainly by insurance company or bondsman for the full contract amount or its double. It's under different philosophy that in US, the employers want to be guaranteed for in-time and quality project completion so the insurer or bondsman needs to provide greater than or equal amount of project value to convince the employers that they've ability to finish the works.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>And in place like Taiwan, the employers demand pays immediately an amount no less than their loss in the project with reservation that they can claim the difference of their loss later. Once people in Taiwan advocated that the insurance company can issue policies to serve as performance bond or for other purpose but find it difficult to implement, so the alternative only remains on the law.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>The insurance companies provide so much in the construction projects, they're indispensable, but many in the industry including high ranking persons have wrong concept toward the insurance. The biggest problem is they can't distinguish the difference between contingency cost and insurance premium paid, the mistakes come from that they considered everything can be covered by insurance.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>They may recognize there should be price escalation and it has been covered by inflation formula, and they continue to think that any other risk shall be identified and priced in the work items and a risk that can't be named shouldn’t be a risk. However, an experienced constructor will perceive that it is a cost attached to the project only in a way that nobody will know how and for what magnitude it will happen.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>Finally, people responsible to establish the project budget will consider the contingency provision shouldn’t be entered for unnamed items lest it should become the additional profit of the tenderer. A total wrong but widely accepted by the people here.</b></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">(3). Investment Company or Fund</span></h3><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The international investment company or fund strolled around the globe seeking opportunity for investment in infrastructure projects as they felt revenue should be stable and return lucrative. But they were meticulous in Taiwan as they cared about the risks in design, construction and operation of those projects may not be in a way they’re familiar with. </span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The tedious regulations imposed by the government and "not in my backyard" populism would be detrimental to the budget and progress issues which are most critical to the infrastructure projects: returns are slower and lower, financial overburden heavier, and the market changes cancelling the necessity of the projects. And in the extreme case, the franchise company can be bankrupted.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">So, the international investment company or fund including Japanese trading houses have to wait until now, start to buy shares of solar power plants, wind mills and sewage system when they feel the government, industry and the related player are more matured with regards to PPP initiative.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The international investment company or fund do bring in another risk mitigation concept: placing more emphasize on unanticipated and disadvantageous market changes in demand or supply, and the long-term interest rates and the underlying asset value; subject to variation in the so-called risky macro environment.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">There can be two types of investment in infrastructure projects: one is to secure the opportunity for investment when everything is still blank considering that the profitability is proportionate; the other is to take over the project when everything is known and the return fixed shunning of risks.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">In Taiwan the real estate business elicits capital and talent for its high growth and profitability. Developers are busy to hunt lands, deal with building codes, handle design and construction, and sell house and mansions, that they're not so interested in PPP initiatives. They could be tomorrow’s investors for ppp initiatives. </span></b></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">(4). Operator</span></h3><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>After completing the public facilities, the government agencies or the private plants or building owners need people to do operation, functional checks, servicing, repairing or replacing of necessary devices, equipment, and machinery; and sometimes for system adjustment and expansion. The requirement hastens the delivery of the new facilities while many of the owners don't have the experience to do O&M especially the government agencies under recruitment, financial and efficiency restraint.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>They're O&M companies, which should be an inseparable part of construction industry, always working under the poor financial conditions as politicians and capitalists over the world are good at dispense money for new fund buildings and facilities but less generous for their operation and maintenance. But now it is different.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>Technicality will also be favorable to the O&M companies. The Engineers and the Contractors alike need the Operators' feedback to get sufficient knowledge for new facilities. And it's a tendency that the government prefer to using public–private partnership for O&M of the facilities to solve problems of lacking of flexibility in financial support and employee’s recruitment.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>Over the years, the owners, government or private will ask the contractors to offer engineering, construction, plus O&M; there will be different models, and more sophisticated management contract will include improvements in efficiency and performance, which only is possible to include as much scope of service in one hand.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>As it evolved, the Operator may be required to collect bills on behalf of the utility company, and may accept some collection risk, especially the clients are governmental, and the customers will be general public.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>Engineers of next generation must think about whatever he </b></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>will </b></span><b style="color: #2b00fe;"> be, it tells of tomorrow’s engineers to realize the profession is service oriented, and to follow money's lead.</b></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #274e13;">3) Third-Party Participants: notaries, law firms, inspectors, laboratories, certifiers, appraisers, unions, arbitrators</span></h3><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>The modern construction contract bring in piles of paper plus those un-printed storing in the computer, most of them presented as letters, reports, records, sketches, lists, certificates, diagrams, affidavits, pamphlets, photos, books, all of them filled with words, lines, symbol, sound, totem enough to decide the success or failure of the projects, though nobody is able to read through.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>It's more than computer technology that the frontage players, supporting entities and participants of construction contracts all are the accomplice to ask for more document. For example, when contractors want to get loans, the banks may ask them to get reports from law firms to examine the contract conditions and to ensure the applicants are accepting everything. Or, the clients may demand the records of successful operation in completed facilities, certain laboratories may be asked to do the inspection works and submit the reports accordingly.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>When the required documents bearing the names of the supposed independent party and showing the subject party has met the requests are received by the enquirer, it will be deemed as true and authentic. And as it evolves, there will be development such as:</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>* The party which demands information only trust prints from certain parties. Because the former now depend on the latter to identify the authentication of submissions from strangers or aliens.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>* Though that the verifying party shall be independent and only responded to the requesting party, but the demanding party will have a big say to recommend the "right" verifying party; and in most of the cases, the requesting party will comply.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>* If the verifying party has long working relationship with the requesting party, he would have more confidence to verify what he needs to verify within sort time frame, though they are independent and neutral. It happens to law firms, inspectors, laboratories, certifiers, appraisers, and arbitrators.</b></span></p><p><b style="color: #2b00fe;">The industry reward regular customers, so big companies that always have more chances to contact third party participants will find it's easier and more swiftly to work out required document demanded by their clients. It's the same that the independent parties or organizations who are reputable in their domain also receive more recommendation from establishment.</b></p><p><b style="color: #2b00fe;">Languages and culture should be the problem but not the only, the reality of the world is that the westerners will go to international arena using contracts, codes, standards, specification and practice the same as what are used in their homeland. The advantage is more apparent when the third-party participants with fame are confident to endorse them; actually, sort pf fortification.</b></p><p><b style="color: #2b00fe;">Asian contractors go out to compete international giant, would have encountered invisible barricades, sometimes can be fatal to the projects. The story can be simple just because he wouldn't be familiar to and get supported by the established third-party participants who historically are not accustomed to working with oriental minnows. Right now, they’re real third-party participants. </b></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>Despite its laissez-faire appearance, 21st century capitalism is complicated in its work division, allocation of added values and borderless monopoly to collect rents. </b></span></p><p><b style="color: #2b00fe;">In construction industry, the conventional added value attached to exercise of craftsmanship and dexterity to maneuver the machines now become relatively small as competition is harsh between the same contractors of developing economies. The new added value is created even to surpass what can be obtained from the exercise of the substantial works. The people familiar with "norm", "standard", and "proof" usually can avoid to do the risky and competitive tangible works and usually are done by the firms and organizations in the developed economies.</b></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #274e13;">4) Stakeholders: Public, Authority, Neighborhood and Locals</span></h3><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">(1). Public</span></h3><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The public are the users of infrastructure and facilities, but they are volatile and can be convinced for opposite proposals. And it seems only the politicians claim they’re their representatives are knowing everything and the engineers have little to say for the true benefit of the public. </span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The professionals in Taiwan aren’t prestigious and dignified facing the public, instead, the media, councilors and TV host will be louder in all technical aspects than the engineers. Because the public demand 100% perfect over construction projects: budget, progress, durability, aesthetic, and functional for at all time, which are not possible in engineering, but they are spoiled because they’ve votes.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The politicians will take chance at the expense of the professionals, who will be depicted as pedant never knowing the true requirement of the people and the progressiveness of the society. Of course, there will be sometime that the public will be awakened learning politicians won't fulfill their commitment but the professionals has been tainted during the process. It’s easy in Taiwan the professionals including those from academic will be the scapegoat but their credit will never be recovered.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Infrastructure construction sometimes is associated with corruption and scandal, and some professionals may be involved, giving the impression that the engineers are not cleaner than the officials and councilors. So the public is skeptical to the construction contracts and insist to have stringent supervision and they may feel comfortable when there will be supervision on top of supervision.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">So, most of the government agencies in charge of public works construction in Taiwan openly claim that they will accept the citizens to supervise the construction works, a political approach, but a hurt to the professionals. </span></b></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">(2). Authority</span></h3><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>The Authority referred here means the government agencies responsible to award permits, edit regulations, or decide the applicable codes so that the owner and the contractors shall observed for planning, design, construction, occupation and operation from initiation, completion until operation.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>Land acquisition for public works shall be local government's responsibility, and usually it’s a procrastination process; maybe 5% of recalcitrant landowner will stop 100% of the works for commencement; and you’d see every day in Taiwan.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>Safety measures are the critical issues that the government will demand the owners and their contractors to follow though. If incident to happen, the law and regulation will allow the authority (under Labor Ministry and their local branches) to exert draconian punishment. It’s also possible that the public attorney can indict the representatives of the companies or institutions for crime charges. It’s also part of the reasons that the man contractors would sub-let the works to smaller companies with the ideas that the subcontractors will shoulder the responsibility.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>Traffic diversion plans around the site in congested towns and area can be critical which the foreign companies coming to Taiwan will have difficulty to think about; but the commuters are sacrosanct. One of the impact to urban construction, for instance, can be the use of more tower cranes in lieu of the mobile cranes. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>Disposal for wasted and surplus material shall be subject to the grand soil reuse and disposal plan by local government; in general, the cost of excavated soil dumping is “managed” by people close to mafia and hardly the outcome is rational.</b></span></p><p><b style="color: #2b00fe;">Utilities authority poses another problem for the developers and the contractors; outstanding drawings and missing locations cause the digs delaying and costly. Sometimes dangers would emerge. </b></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>License for buildings and plants shall go through the utility authority to ensure links with existing system. In Taiwan, utility company is called company, but people would think it's a kind of authority, not least they are run by government.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>The fishing, agriculture and irrigation cooperative surely are the juridical association membered by ordinary people, but they are offered with the rights for fishing, planting and irrigation in their premises, to which any encroachment shall be bought with exorbitant price through hard negotiation.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>In rural area down to the village level, public or private project investors shall work amicably with the authority.</b></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">(3). Neighborhood and Locals</span></h3><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>The mentality of Nimby (Not in my back yard) affected construction very much; nuclear power plants and its refusal treatment can't be solved, for instance, as well as substations and transmission lines. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>Roads, parks and sewers can't be built in many places as people don't want to be disturbed even for short time. The stories may be dated back to the old days that the authority abuse the power conscript land and put the people against construction down.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>And now it goes for another extremity, for example, people don't want to accept any deflection or slight damages in their house when the excavation nearby have influence even within the tolerable value. Some of the people exercise extra judicial means to stop the works. It happens in chemical and power plants the neighborhood always cemented together to bar or interrupt construction and operation.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>The governments of all level are relatively weak because the officers and councilors need votes; temples and churches for their grass root nature always sided with neighborhood defying the legitimate development. It's devastating but foreign and sometimes people from big city not well aware they are standing in lower ground if Buda and God aren’t stand beside them.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>Many business people might miss the days when construction wouldn't have any problem to deal with ordinary people </b></span><b style="color: #2b00fe;">decades ago. But it's the democracy that people have chosen the system to defend their property and will; and as it flourishes the developers and the contractors must have patience in communication with the neighborhood and locals to move the project</b></p><div><br /></div>mtkaoforum3131.blogspot.tw/http://www.blogger.com/profile/01353164324501698355noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2576271459816084234.post-5819139202299857322022-03-06T20:50:00.003+08:002022-03-21T22:09:29.518+08:00<p><b><span style="color: #660000;"> (NTUST, 5908701)</span></b></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red;">Part 3, Advanced Civil Construction, 台科大高等土木施工學教材(2022)</span> </h2><h4 style="text-align: left;">MT KAO (Blog: http://mtkaoforum31.blogspot.tw/)<br />(mtkaoforum31@gmail.com)</h4><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d;">(3). Architects</span></h3><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">a.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Architects are respected all over the world, for the dual roles they played as artists and engineers. In Taiwan, the laws and regulations are favored for their solo performance with the support of a powerful guild: </span></b></h3><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The law now accepts joint venture of the architects, but it's still the cooperation between the individuals. For building design, various disciplines of professional engineers such as structure, mechanic or electric, and certain specialty companies have to be the second-tier performers of architects of the relatively small size. It’s an arrangement sometimes may not be working and cause troubles contractually or technically.</span></b></h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>As a response to the trend that modern buildings need to provide various services to meet people’s extensive demand, the architects have to be organized to include more disciplines of engineers facing new design challenges. And in today’s Taiwan they have to behave more like a firm than individuals.</span></b></h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">-<span style="font-weight: bold; white-space: pre;"> </span>Internally, the architect boss needs to stay peace with his employees because the ever-complicated proposals offered to the client requires persisting and respectful performance of a stable team. And It’s the same as what happens to consulting firms, the boss shall place attention on the follow architects and individual engineers for their vision, responsiveness, work attitudes, remuneration, and entitlement. Because people always deem their own performances are impeccable especially those who link their career future with fame and credential. Partnership, profit sharing, publication and fame are used as the elements to retain the talents or contrarily to become the driving force to accelerate the division.</span></h4><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b>b.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: -18pt;">Like always happened in small
engineering companies, senior architect usually grumbles for their follows’ impatience
to demand profit and fame sharing before showing their contribution; but the
hired will also complain their performance is never recognized:</span></span></span></h3><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 39.25pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>In reality, it’s not a big market and the established architects are not easy to come to terms with employees and will choose to recruit new staff when they fail to hold royalty from the old guys. And when the number of licenses granted to the new comers are high and many of them not appreciated by the employers will start own business the competition will be harsh.</span></b></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">c.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Recently, the architects continue to plead the government for: </span></h3><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The fees allowed for public building design are calculated as fix percentage of construction price, and it’s low compared to what adopted in other countries. The percentage must be adjusted. </span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The construction cost per unit area of building is low in the government budget and there must be an improvement, so the basis for design and supervision fee will be fair.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>That the cooperation with reputable international architects shouldn't be necessary as local architects are artfully good and technically competent. Should any officer look for fantastic building outline and avant-garde design, he could ask local architect to provide. Current practice inviting foreign architects playing protagonist and forcing their local partner shoulder contractual obligation are not acceptable. Though, many private developers still court international architects because the "names" will boost the sale. </span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The architects consider the responsibility of supervision during construction shall be rectified with clearer definition in the laws. There’re cases the developers and architects indicted and criminalized for putative wrong design and lax supervision years after buildings completed but damaged when incidents such as earthquakes causing troubles. </span></b></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d;">(4). Workers, Labor Gangs and Subcontractors</span></h3><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">a.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>In Taiwan and many countries, General Contractors do not own equipment and hire technicians and labors for construction. They sub-let the laboring work to gangs or subcontractors to save efforts and troubles in recruitment, efficiency upholding and advance skill learning. But commercial consideration not directly to deal with labor will lead to a situation that many General Contractors may lose ability for
and access to the construction reality:</span></h3><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The commercial and contractual consideration for the frontage players to cope with labor laws, accounting rules, safety regulation, etc., will cause change and impact for project implementation and industry. </span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>There may and must be craftsmanship existed among the labors to guarantee work efficiency and quality; but the labor gangs or the subcontractors will only receive the payment according to rates and quantity entered in their contract with top tier contractors, which in most of the cases, are the replica of the main contract. </span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The gang leaders are left with the responsibility to call for and pay the workers at fix wages disregard of what they’d have received according to the actual performance. It means that general contractors intend to transfer the risk of income fluctuation to the labor gangs and subcontractors; which is not feasible when the project deviates or the market shudders. There could be argument between disputing parties. But former and legal intervention sometimes cannot solve the problems, and people with engineer or manager sense won’t be easy to find a proper position in the disputes.</span></b></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">b.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Originally main contractor may allocate the works to different gangs such as rebar, form work and concrete pouring, but still take care of coordination and supervision works required for the said structure; and now main contractor might ask one sub-contractor to undertake whole works with expectation that the enlarged contract value will add more cushion for sub-tier contractors to absorb shock when the situation is different: </span></h3><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Though engineers will draw plans, pen proposal, and check mistakes; construction work has to be carried out by labors, technicians and foremen with hands, and it's them to materialize white collar's ideas for all difficult, dirty and dangerous work environs. The practice had historical background dated back from the days that labors were in over supply and their salaries suppressed and work condition miserable. At then, management of main contractors were able to leave the drudgery to social class distant from them.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>There should be interfaces to be coordinated between trades of workers, and it would have been done by the site agents from main contractors. And now a major sub-contractor would have taken care and the assistance from the main contractors would have become unnecessary. People involved finally would agree the cost of those supervisory staff is duplicated and better to be saved. The process continued and main contractor’s access to technical data and know how gradually diminished, so as their capability and experience of construction works.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Work division in Taiwan construction industry become more vertically like fault line in many cases, i.e. a sub-tier contractor will do in situ construction; the other maybe the main contractor offering the name, provide guarantees, and take care of documentary works. It allows certain type and numbers of people venturing to obtain profit while the other parts have to struggle for mere survival all the way. A tendency more favorable to the speculators than the engineers. </span></b></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">c.</span><span style="color: #990000; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="color: #990000;">Right now, the contractors undertaken the construction contracts can't find enough gangs and workers for their projects and cause delays or tender abortion in both government and private projects:</span></h3><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Year by year, the demography change and economy growth start to exert influence on construction labor supply in Taiwan. Crew number shrinks and members aged, they demand safety, reject toil, fall short in dexterity, hesitated to commit in works as their forerunner.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The epidemic situation doesn’t help to improve the situation, those TCN (third country national) qualified to join the public work construction are delayed in visa application. </span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The work conditions at construction sites, compared to factories and service sector are bad, and there’s no longer tremendous wage difference. The parallel was like coal mines of Taiwan in 60's: unsafe, hard, rough and low pay. The workers were aged and disappearing. Contrary to what officials thought of that it was the exploitative owner-labor relationship hurting the industry, the mine owner didn’t close the operation until the final moment because old men didn’t know how to make a living in other industry.</span></b></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d;">(5). Specialty Contractor</span></h3><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">a.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>First the specialty works was honored because the leading technology it contained and the high prices and rates the users having to pay close to the international level.</span> </h3><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The construction history in Taiwan was recorded with people with spirit de entrepreneur scrambled to imitate, create or simply request authorization for the imported technology: the construction method seldom seen before were eagerly studied by engineers, foremen and fellow labors engaged in the works; equipment copied and made in local; the construction material engineered and manufactured in Taiwan to replace the imported; all in high efficiency.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The ideas to respect patent right were weak before millennium, giving time for people to learn, to make and to try.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The second stage came quickly, many of the international specialty contractors had to withdraw from Taiwan as natives learnt swiftly and took over; the stories happened to work items such as diaphragm wall, grouting, travelling wagons, system formworks, and cable and tendons, all taking places within very few years.</b></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">b.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>To certain degree the locals created wonders; many of them endured failures and finally smack technical Okays. But their financial success didn’t match devotion and risks they had paid:</span></h3><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>For one who successfully to become specialty contractor, there must be several crumbled; the speculation cost was so high considering the huge cost they spent for development and sales’</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The market is small, and kind of infrastructure projects built is only prevailing over limited period. Taiwanese specialty contractors are not big enough to pioneer overseas market and at in the long run only received limited overhead and profit.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>In general, the companies doing the specialty works in Taiwan can't distinguish themselves with ordinary contractors, instead, they’re under pressure to find jobs to support their equipment, plants and crew. So, they're forced to bid the total tender package as other general contractors if they're also qualified.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Then the borderline between the specialty and general contractors is blurring and it’s hen and egg problem that the specialty contractors are not respected for their expertise. The industry will cease to progress technically because the people exhausted fighting international colleagues only attained mere survival in the event they could win. So, they wouldn't have motives and strength to go for another round of invention.</span></b></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">When the specialty contractors have little prospect to grow and go for international, it's not advisable for the freshman to develop their career in such companies.</span></h3><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d;">(6). Employers</span></h3><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">a.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The employers play key roles in construction projects as they have vest-in interest for success of investment. </span></h3><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>For public projects there will be elected officers and administrative in the government agencies speaking of detailed civil requirement but it has to be confined by opinions from experts, media, and councilors. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>For private business, it seems like the investors have tremendous power searching for maximal benefit, but they have to be bound by laws, regulations and the same-public opinions, the hidden rule of democracy.</b></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">b.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The employers in developing their projects must consider rate of return higher than standard. They have to decimate risk and uncertainty that fund and banks won’t accept. </span></h3><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Among the employers and the funder’s concerns, quality and in time completion shall be most critical, but that's only fundamental. In the case of real estate, the developers must consider buyers or tenants' requirement for buildings; and for plant owners they must consider product sales and market stability. So, it’s not joke that sometimes the turnkey contractors will appease the employers with guarantees for product sales (in quantity and price) in long period. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Because long term investment security is now desired, the frontage investors should pay additional premium to guard their principle so that the ultimate capital holders are assured and pleased.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>It's 21st Century, in order to get hedged and assured, cost paid to notaries, law firms, inspectors, laboratories, appraisers, and certifiers can be regarded as more important than expenditures for tangible object such as concrete and steel, despite the cost compared to the additional protection for investment is big; completely different to the days when material was scarce and expensive.</b></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">c.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Public clients tend to be more difficult for they’re not allowed for any mistake:</span></h3><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>They want everything to be clear and definite from day 1, but not to quantize the risk or uncertainty. Because the construction projects aren’t always the same that the routine won’t be routine. Only the professionals can offer solutions to remove the blocks huddling the launch of construction works. </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Theoretically, consensus must be collected before set up project goal, but the political requirement: compromise, prejudice and well wish will impede or distort the implementation. Any correction will have to undergo onerous procedural justification.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The experts' opinions will start with who will be the experts and end in the deaf ears of bureaucrats and those who think they represent the public opinions. It’s a kind of hubris under which the professionals are frustrated and have to be mute.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Election and office change will complicate the matters as politicians and voters are not predictable. Sometimes U-turn is necessary; consequently, projects hard to finish is everywhere over the world.</b></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">d.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Investors, private and public, are now asking the professional companies to work for them as PCM, a good system but occasionally not functional because the clients don't really delegate powers. The other extremity is the government agencies don't have their own people installed in the high positions of the project to determine how their true demand will be met in concert with financial capability known to insiders.</span></h3><p><br /></p><p><br /></p>mtkaoforum3131.blogspot.tw/http://www.blogger.com/profile/01353164324501698355noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2576271459816084234.post-59067730888395277322022-02-20T21:01:00.001+08:002022-02-20T21:01:52.544+08:00<p><span style="color: #741b47;"> (NTUST, 5908701)</span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #741b47;">Part 2, Advanced Civil Construction, 台科大高等土木施工學教材(2022)</span> </h2><p><b><span style="color: #444444;">MT KAO (Blog: http://mtkaoforum31.blogspot.tw/)</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #444444;">(mtkaoforum31@gmail.com) </span></b></p><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #660000;">1.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>History, Present and Future of Professionalism and Construction Industry</span></h3><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: red;">1)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The income distribution change in the economy last few hundred years; and its implication to the earning and social status of professionals:</span></b></h3><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #274e13;">a.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Prior to the industrial revolution, in Europe and US the ratio between the wealth generated from investment and bequeath was high compared to the income from laboring (through personal capability and efforts). The figure then fell until World War I cutting it by half until it surged again in 1970s. Now it reaches the same level as it was in 1790. The same u curve could also be obtained for the ratio between capital and labor income:</span></h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Proper income in 19 Century means at least you have to obtain 20 to 30 times of average national income, and only top1% people would achieve it and they’re considered as riches. Professions like lawyer, accountant and engineer would get at best 10 times of average national income and considered as slightly better than the “poor”.</span></b></h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">As technology improves, the mid income people can enjoy comfortable life far better than many of their forbearers in higher centile of income.</span></b></h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Bonaparte Napoleon first noticed the problem and agreed to give high pay to reward his ministers so that they might match the aristocrats for respectable living, which means an income no less than 50 to 100 times of average national income.</span></b></h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Before industrialization, farmland was main source of wealth and income in Europe and US, and government bonds issued in countries able to manage fiscal. There’s no means that personal talent or professional skill would earn a decent income for individuals. (The only way people to remain in or ascend to high society had to go through inheritance or marriage.)</span></b></h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>After World War I the professionals continued to increase their income and wealth by their own merit, people started to herald it as the beginning of a new era of more inclusive capitalism and trust the trend would not revert. But what happened between 1980 and now proving that it was just a transitory deviation.</span></b></h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Globalization facilitates the fluidity of the commodity/service in the international market and set the cap in every economy for wages. One of the reasons the said ratio continues to go down after 1980s.</span></b></h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Lines from “Capital in the Twenty-First Century” by Thomas Piketty, “Le Pere Goriot” by H Balzac, to tell how the excellent brains were paid by ruling class historically:<br /></b><b>“Your annual income will be 1,200 Franc when you’re in 30’s without giving up rob of blending. You can get married with daughter from gristmill collecting rent 6,000 livre annually. If you’re lucky you can have 5,000 Franc annual incomes as a public attorney, and you can married with mayor’s daughter. If you don’t mind to do something under table, you could become general attorney at your 40s. But allow me to remind you, there’re only 20 general attorneys in entire France, and the number of the people thirst for the jobs maybe more than 20,000, among them many clowns ready to sell out their relatives and friends. If you don’t do this; you can be a lawyer, spend 1,000 franc every month to borrow a small office; for 10 years you must keep relationship with the people, kiss any solicitor you knows rob and beg him to reward you some cases, in addition, you need to bow to every people you meet in the court as a lawyer. Tell me can you tell the names of 5 lawyers younger than 50 in Paris who have had annual income more than 50,000 Franc?” (Vautrin said to Rastignac)</b></span></h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #274e13;">b.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Persisting technology improvement makes economy flourish and life better; still some people in each social class need to struggle for livelihood and survival. Will engineers defined today can find places for performance tomorrow?</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></h4><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">- Labor and Capital income: the former includes salary, remuneration, bonus,</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">prize; and the latter will include profit, dividend, interest, rent and royalty.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">-<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The computer/digital revolution is a major driver of inequality: It favors more skilled over less skilled; it increases the return to capital owners over labor; it enables or turbo-charge globalization, reducing employment and constraining wage-able services; it increase the income advantages of superstars and the super-lucky; it generates rents in highly imperfect markets. The top riches no more need so many people to attend them. </span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">- So, the inequality aggravated after years 2000, and the people like Luddites during the first industrial revolution fear that the skills of their craft would go dumb during this Second Machine Age, and their commotion justifiable? Or really the smart machine and AI would create more jobs and enhance life quality?</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">- As we understand now, progress in sensor technology allows machines to detect and respond to their environment; additive manufacturing displaces labor while reducing waste in materials, lowering the costs of customization and allowing for producing on demand(opposed to forecasted demand); the most surprising is in artificial intelligence (AI), machines uses learning algorithms and high speed network access to massive databases to perform complex tasks without the benefit of algorithms that tell them precisely what to do.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">- In the fundamental feature of market systems, most people including engineers gain their income by selling their labor, if they’re rendered technologically redundant or no longer command an income adequate to provide a socially acceptable standard of living.</span></b></p><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #274e13;">c.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>What will a young civil engineer choose to be? Occupational, professionals or super managers considering their restrained income compared to capitalist and renter (or rent seekers)? Is it correct to borrow “meritocratic extremism” to justify the tremendous pay difference among the individuals?</span></h4><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">- The engineering services need to obtain their clients’ trust and confidence, distinguishing them with the manufactured products and/or services by ordinary people. Compared with workers, clerks and other occupational, the professionals place much attention to guarantee the quality of their output and refrained from remuneration based on quantity completed especially within specific time. He thinks and acts on behalf of his client and always consider himself is unique in delivery of art, crafts and services committed to the client. </span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">- But now that significant share of the income shaped by skill-biased and capital augmenting technical change; the professionals of conventional definition may not be in a steering position, that software, tradable programs and even AI will do much of the engineers’ job diminishing their clout in retaining work opportunities and sharing income. </span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">- Is actually income generated by digital capital shared with certain kinds of complementary human capital, including innovators, entrepreneurs, and top executives? Among them, the super managers with winner take all mentality popular in US deserve our attention because they may pride themselves with “meritocratic extremism”, nose in the air.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">- Will it be practical for engineers to follow code of engineering ethic in terms of faith, integrity, law abiding, and conduct of secrecy at the era when digital economy and artificial intelligence is about to dominate.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">- Engineering ethic request the engineers to take responsibility toward society, environment and the colleagues. As FIDIC maintains: To be fully effective not only must engineers constantly improve their knowledge and skills, but also society must respect the integrity and trust the judgement of members of the profession and remunerate them fairly. And it’s the brief requirement.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">- The “information technology intensity of a company”-as measured by the ratio of its IT capital stock to its total stock –rises in modern engineering company demanding more return than from human capitals previously formed by employed engineers.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">- When the income generated by digital capital becomes more significant, at the same time corporate governance practices and social norms will also change allowing more rent-seeking behavior because there will be less humanity control by smart machine and AI. Will it be the same easy to and simple for professionals to follow code of engineering ethic when their sharing in total company income much less than before</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">- Can “Engineering as a Vocation” be honored in Taiwan when material reward is meager compared with devotion paid? Can the passion, inspiration and rationality as a professional be kept as the vocation is life time choice?</span></b></p><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: red;">2). Frontage Players: general contractors, engineers and consultants, architects, specialty contractors, labor gangs, investors.</span></b></h3><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #274e13;">(1)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>General Contractors</span></h4><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">a.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>In most of the countries (markets), general contractors are leaders of construction industry commanding critical portion of resource and exercising vast influence in democratic government and authoritative regimes alike. Wherever their interests go, the construction tycoons can decide how infrastructure projects are done, and affect politic at different levels.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Given the imagination that big construction company always have the clout to maneuver for what they want, young talents flock to them before they know the industry. The stories of power and money associated with construction projects are tellingly true from country to country as the industry get momentum to grow and prosper before any other business have chances to evolve.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">b.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>However, in countries like Taiwan, the wary authority and public are too eager to see the competition flared among the contractors and always think it's a good way to save government expenditure. So, every contracting procedure related to public works from budget allocation till their completion is mired with details presumed to plague constructors so public interest can be safeguarded. There it develops a mentality that the consultants responsible for design and supervision can be more trust-able to protect public interest in the ceaseless feuding with pigheaded contractors.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">As a result, the bureaucrats and public prefer to ask the contractors to do the works according to what had been specified on the drawings, i.e. pure construction; they believe they would be able to prevent collusion by squeezing the space normally granted to designer and contractor for settling the ensuing conflict.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">c.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The purposed regulation as explained above existed so long has weaken the contractors, besides, in a society much influenced by Confucian culture, the traditional teaching that the scholars are superior to any other social classes further reinforce the prejudice that the employees of constructors working outdoors under all-weather would be secondary to pedants shouting instructions in the air conditioned rooms.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Finally, the employees of general contractors have to do the most grinding part of the works to ensure punctual completion and well-functioning of the projects, which is nerve raking throughout entire contract period. And in return construction engineers only received diminishing amount of pay under constant annoyance that the threshold for tenderer to cross is lowered time after time allowing more people to contend.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">d.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>It's true that general contractors in Taiwan were not so privileged compared to the coddled consulting firms because of some historical and cultural reasons. However, constructor of the 21st century should not only be able to deliver timely and quality completion of the projects, he needs also to give the clients solutions for challenges and risks brought by exceptional design, complicated operation and maintenance systems, special environmental protection requirement, unique financial arrangement; and it means, the imbalance between the images of general contractors and consulting firms now tilts a little bit toward the former.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">It's also good for general contractors in Taiwan that the procurement laws and regulations overhauled in recent years: design and build contracts are welcome; division of business lines now blurred; BOT or BT style of contracting are taken and design consultants can be put under sovereignty of general contractors; projects become more sizable and fit for companies with bigger assets; labor law is more sensible thus favorable the contractors' employees who used to work in onerous long hours.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The trend compels owners, governmental or private, to accept more reasonable and liberal form of contracting, so that the constructors can pursue expertise and efficiency they need for true competition. Obviously, general contractors burdened with less red tape and enjoyed elevated status, are the biggest winners in the change.</span></b></p><p><span style="color: #444444;"><b>(綜合承商簽約金額龐大,掌握資源,對基礎工程是否、或如何施作有影響力,甚至介入政治。在許多國家,工程先於其他產業發展,為錢與權力結合之最明顯例證。</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #444444;"><b>台灣之工程業,自早期因公眾將成本經費置於優位,政府主其事者亦鼓勵競爭,故設計監造者必站在施工者對立面,土木營造必與機電設備承商分業。因此於初期,綜合承商受眾多限制,只能按圖施工,再加上儒家思想認不動手設計者需有高學歷,較為尊重,顧問公司工作者相對有優越感。</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #444444;"><b>目前新形勢,統包盛行,工程漸趨複雜化,綜合承商空間較前為大,其經理人與工程師需付較重責任,相對權力、薪酬與社會地位也將提高,此發展應為正面。)</b></span></p><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #274e13;">(2)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span> Consulting Engineers</span></h4><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">a.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The difference between the professionals and occupational regarding business ethics and attitude is that the former's must be dutiful, intelligent and conscientious for their clients and the latter do their works following the orders. To honor and guard the professionalism, the professional decisions in no way should be compromised, twisted and altered by particular one's interest, thronged opinions, or any form of punishment.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">When engineers' re trusted and confided with responsibilities for safety, functioning, aesthetic, durability, budgeting and sturdy completion of construction projects, their judgement, opinions, and integrity must be respected, and most important, their service must be remunerated fairly as it's the backbone to support the idea that the professionals are the brains of their client.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">b.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The professionalism allotted to engineers usually include investigation, feasibility study, planning, design, supervision, project management and other services related to civil and building works, both public and private. In Taiwan, how the engineering service is practiced is sanctioned in "Professional Engineer Act":</span></b></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b> Article 7 A professional engineer shall practice the profession in any of the </b><b>following</b><b> </b><b>manners:</b><b> </b></span></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">1. Establish an engineering office organized as a sole proprietorship or partnership. </span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">2. Establish a professional engineering consulting firm or be hired by one.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">3. Hired by a profit-seeking enterprise or entity, other than those mentioned in the preceding subparagraph, which is required by law to hire a licensed professional engineer.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">c.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>If we trace the history, we will know that professional engineering service was originally taken by individual engineers or the partnership they formed. In modern-days, projects for all complex nature not only require advanced technology; but also need proposals with exceptional commercial skill to augment chances of as-planned completion or to seek ways of meaningful mitigation. So, it takes kind of "omniscient "corporation consisting of bright people who are able to offer inclusive solutions at all times.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Apparently, the professionals can well exercise their knowledge and skill disregard what their choice to sign the contracts in "proprietorship", "partnership" or "corporation", but the industrial reality is that a corporation big enough may be better to accumulate experience, possess data, search for information, and churn out proposals.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Yes, only they are big they can have lots of talents adhered to share office equipment and software cost and are more affordable to meet the client's fastidious demands. Besides, financing, accounting, and administration rendered by big corporation will support the engineer for activities now needed to be more expeditious but intact, which can hardly be found in partnership and small company.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">It's understandable when the clients want to make award the engineering jobs of multi-discipline nature, they feel more comfortable to engage with organizations of size and reputation. But such an observation shall not be over interpreted as that the big corporation doesn't have any problem in performance and cost.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">d.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>So, a lot of clients today when want to make award of the engineering jobs of multi-discipline nature, they feel more comfortable to engage with organizations of size and reputation. But such an observation shall not be over interpreted as that the big corporation doesn't have any problem in performance and cost.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">But it’s just a trend and shall not be over interpreted as that the big corporations may have their own problem in performance and cost.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">e.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>We all know the professionalism stems from individualism and entails characteristics unique to each professional: vision, responsibility, work attitudes, which shall be prerequisite to shape a concerted team undertaking sophisticated engineering works in competition with individual or more coherent partnership for efficiency and responsiveness.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Remuneration to the professionals remains a big problem in managing engineering companies as people always view their own performance impeccable and believes they are entitled for more than regular salary and bonus. The arguments often focused in profit sharing, and stays at every junction where company elite flaunt their eminence. People may imagine there could be a terminal arbiter in big engineering company busy to dole out verdicts to assure everybody's material and vanity reward will be met, but that's not realistic. </span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">For small engineering companies, the bosses usually grumble for the employees’ impatience to demand profit sharing before showing their contribution; but the hired will also complain their performance is never recognized.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The wish wise men may be there for positive intervention is a pipe dream in the real world; instead, egocentric human nature will prevail. Discords and disputes always happen between the quarreling parties, and the burst out usually take the form that people arguing over things abstract and philosophic like vision, responsibility, work attitudes, but money is behind, if contradiction not solved the result will be exodus of high minded people, or the cooling down of remaining people's motives to learn new skill and knowledge.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Modern professionals firms will use options such as extended partnership or stock warrant awarding to employees to keep their loyalty. It's important because many people consider the company's gain is only possible with their affectionate engagement and they're deserved to share profit as partners. The idea is different with the bonus and prizes scheme applied for companies to sell material, product, or simple services; requiring employees clinging to positions and to do more or less countable works.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The idea is different with the bonus and prizes scheme applied for companies to sell material, product, or simple services; which only ask employees sticking to positions and to do works countable and not unique for individuals. It may not be suitable for sizable and sophisticated consultancy; but a practice in Taiwan for national enterprises.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">f.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>In Taiwan, the government handled the importation of construction technology closely during the days that the resources were scarce, and many of the engineers were trained on jobs like dam, petrochemical complex, expressway and military installations. To counter balance the more advanced international companies, the government then sponsored big consulting and construction firms with the view that they could be reliable and competitive to carry out public work for the future.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Years after, the government was forced to withdraw from the construction companies sponsored as private contractors won over contention. However, the public consulting firms still remain and dominant in the engineering market, as they still receive the trust and patronage of government agencies anxious to launch infrastructure projects.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The arrangement can solve remuneration problem in many professionals’ firms, however, it's not elixir for small engineering companies, the bosses of which always grumbled that the employees are impatient to demand profit sharing before showing contribution; but the hired complained their performance not recognized all the time.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">g.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The government funded consultants pay their engineers of salary, bonus and dividends similar to what has been arrayed in other public enterprises of much less professionalism content. The practice omit that the services originally are individual-oriented and in the case of corporation the people must fetch not much less than their colleagues under sole proprietorship or partnership. Over time the side effect not pay enough to professionals will appear: efficiency discounted, talent lost to other industries, projects other than routinely implemented need to be done by international consultants.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The government funded consultants are more obedient to follow contract terms arbitrarily interpreted by public servants short of flexibility in forecasting project requirement and rectifying them later. So, the government agencies prefer to award sizable engineering works to government funded consultants and thus strengthen their dominant position in the industry despite private design firms always crying foul saying that the state shouldn't interfere the market. </span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">It's nothing wrong in a society actually embraces egalitarianism and hates to pay some of professions high price to continue the practice contracting with government funded consultants as many public works can be carried out with minimum cost and completed in time desired by the officials and end users.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">But when technology bred domestically may not be sufficiently advanced as the result of individual's lacking of incentives because there’s only one buyer for the public works-the government. The foreign consultants or architects will be eager to fill technical gap but only at dear prices. And any attempt that the government agencies to ask affiliated firms to bridge the difference in terms of price and contractual obligation will introduce further procrastination and induce secondary damages.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #444444;">(專業工程師掌握工程成敗、經費、品質良劣,業主賴之。早期設計、監造,係由具自信與自尊之個人技師、工匠或專家個人名義或形態擔任,現大工程須為擁百、千人之顧問公司承擔,惟台灣之技師法,仍要求專業人員在其能力、判斷、與倫理對業主負責,由字句語義,可看出立法原意,然在實務上,工程變成大而複雜,如何讓團隊發揮效率,又不出錯,是顧問公司經營挑戰。</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #444444;">但台灣工程發展壯大經過,可看出從早期技術須由國外引進時,都由政府統一辦理,以圖利用及掌控有限之資源;或因社會變遷,民間實力增強,故政府力量就由施工方面撤退,但因信心關係,在設計顧問業仍為其掌握。故台灣在工程產業仍有廻異於先進國家之處,此可由公共工程費率、合約條件、乃至顧問公司經理與資深工程師薪酬等看得出來)</span></b></p><div><br /></div>mtkaoforum3131.blogspot.tw/http://www.blogger.com/profile/01353164324501698355noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2576271459816084234.post-65421412481673439132022-02-16T17:09:00.004+08:002022-02-16T17:09:35.109+08:00<p> </p><h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">(NTUST, 5908701)<br /></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Advanced Civil</span><span> </span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Construction</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">,<span> </span>台科大高等土木施工學教材(2022)</span><span style="color: #cfe2f3;"> </span></h1><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #800180;">MT KAO (Blog: http://mtkaoforum31.blogspot.tw/)<br /></span><span style="color: #800180;">(mtkaoforum31@gmail.com) </span></h4><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 24pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -24pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #800180;"><b><br /></b></span></p><h2 style="margin-left: 24pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -24pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #4c1130; mso-list: Ignore;">Part1, Brief for Semister Start from Feb. 2022</span></span></h2><h1 style="margin-left: 24pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">History, Present and Future of Professionalism
and <a name="_Hlk95672456">Construction Industry.</a></span><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 42pt; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h2 style="margin-left: 42pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Income and social status of
professionals compared with gains from investment, ventures, bequeath or corporate
managers; last 200 years and trend in the future.</span></span></h2><h2 style="margin-left: 42pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #38761d;">The Modern Construction
Industry and its Major Players</span><o:p></o:p></span></h2><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 42pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 42pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Frontage Players: general
contractors, engineers and consultants, architects, specialty contractors,
labor gangs, employers.</span></span></h3><h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Supporting Entities: banks,
insurance company, bondsman Investment Company or fund, operator.</span></span></h3><h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Third Party Participants:
notaries, law firms, inspectors, laboratories, certifiers, appraisers, unions,
arbitrators</span></span></h3><h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Stakeholders: public,
authority, facility user, neighborhood and locals.</span></span></h3><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<h2 style="margin-left: 42pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #38761d;">The social factors that
interact and influent the industry and professionals</span><o:p></o:p></span></h2><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 42pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">The level and timing infrastructure
works having been built in relation with stages of economy development in
different countries.</span></span></h3><h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Culture, custom and history as background
of construction contracts and their execution.</span></span></h3><h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">How serious a society is
concerned with public affairs and their trust on technical people in terms of
national development plans, budget allocation and relevant laws?</span></span></h3><h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">The stability, clarity and efficiency
of political system.</span></span></h3><h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Power, organization and the
leader.</span><o:p></o:p></span></h3><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 24pt; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h2 style="margin-left: 24pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="color: red;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: red;">Preparation and Choices by Engineers
for their Career</span><o:p></o:p></span></h2><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 24pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -24pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<h2 style="margin-left: 42pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #38761d;">Keep curiosity and sensitivity for
things around:</span><o:p></o:p></span></h2><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 42pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Identify the model figures in the
related academy, companies or business; either for their achievement or
failures.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h3><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></span></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Make certain for what you
really want and check it with both rationality and passion.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h3><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></span></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #38761d;">Try to be an intellectual not to
bend to the public opinion easily.</span><o:p></o:p></span></h3><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<h2 style="margin-left: 42pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #38761d;">Understand your own:</span><o:p></o:p></span></h2><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 42pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Personality - introvert or
extrovert, competitive or pacific, simple or sophisticated, work in solo or in
group, daring or scrupulous, acute or slow, commanding or compliant, polemics or
quiet, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h3><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></span></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Capability - knowledge, expertise,
proficiency, logic, skill, common sense, morality quotient, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h3><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></span></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Background and experience –
family, friends, teachers, seniors, neighbors, etc.</span><o:p></o:p></span></h3><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<h2 style="margin-left: 42pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #38761d;">Education and training</span><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Expertise according to
mechanic: geotechnics, structure, architecture, hydrology and irrigation,
roadwork, coastal and marine, mechanic, electric, HVAC, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h3><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></span></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Disciplines according to
project implementation: planning, design, construction methodology, survey and
set out, supervision, drafting, progress, quality assurance and control, cost
control, quantity survey, machine and plant control, contract administration,
litigation, inventory, first aid, financial management, accounting, information,
administration, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h3><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></span></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Diploma, licenses,
certificates, on job training, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h3><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></span></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Professional " skill"
to be nurtured: complex problem solving, critical thinking, creativity, people
management, coordinating with others, emotional intelligence, judgement and
decision making, service orientation, negotiation, and cognitive flexibility,
though not to be stringently followed but meaningful in the practice.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h3><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></span></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Early stage choice according to
awareness and capability: consultant or contractor, technical or managerial,
domestic or international, employed or boss; before coming to age, say 30s.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h3><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></span></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Young engineers with good
learning attitude and confidence, eager to assume the leadership, sensitive to
the humanity, will grip industry trend and market change, are the winners among
the professionals.</span><o:p></o:p></span></h3><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h2 style="margin-left: 24pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="color: red;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: red;">Remuneration, Feeling of Fulfilment,
and Chances of Promotion in Different Entities</span><o:p></o:p></span></h2><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 24pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -24pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<h2 style="margin-left: 42pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #38761d;">Academy: </span><o:p></o:p></span></h2><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 42pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Nationalization and
bureaucratization of educational institution.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h3><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></span></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Fate, connections, and politic may
play part in the assignment and promotion of faculty positions.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h3><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></span></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Inspiration, heart and soul are
still required in developing scientific and engineering theories.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h3><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></span></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Limited monetary remuneration augmented
with infrequent plaudits complete full reward scheme of scholars.</span><o:p></o:p></span></h3><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<h2 style="margin-left: 42pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #38761d;">Professional entities such as
architects and consulting firms:</span><o:p></o:p></span></h2><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 42pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">The professionals don't produce,
manufacture or build, they offer design report and solutions based on expertise
that can hardly be quantified; so they receive bonus and prize based on
subjective review in addition to the fixed salary.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h3><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></span></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Managers of architects and
consulting firms are critical to create a sound work environment for efficiency,
recruit people of high talent, take the lead in competition, recognize and
reward those who work hard with decent pay, and find the new customers and win
their trust; so they deserve high income.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h3><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></span></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">As a trend and also out of
necessity, capital gains such as profit, dividend, interest, rent and royalty
are offered to the employees in the form of company stock, partnership, or
special agreement.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h3><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></span></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The rates and prices of consultancy
contracts are low by internati</span>o<span style="color: #2b00fe;">nal standard, so that the professional’s pay are
restrained in Taiwan. </span><o:p></o:p></span></h3><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<h2 style="margin-left: 42pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #38761d;">Construction firms</span><o:p></o:p></span></h2><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 42pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Contractors command more resources
than any other players in the industry and the pay difference among their
staffs is significant and decided by project profit and loss.</span><o:p></o:p></span></h3><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">In Taiwan, the owners prefer
low cost and hasten progress. So always construction companies are put under
extreme pressure to meet contractual requirement, and only staff (leading by a
relentless boss) can withstand the grinding work condition will get higher pay
and the employment, not much to do with their proficiency, not mentioning
feeling of achievement.</span><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Reformation that allow the
constructor to do the works in design and build has been introduced to the
market, and now that the industry is less fragmented so the construction firms
can grow and allow the professionals either technical or managerial developing
their skill and climbing the company ladder. </span><o:p></o:p></span></h3><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Specialty contactors if have
more control on expertise shall be more dominant as the nature of the works now
are more than simple concrete pouring and rebar binding when economy evolved
and the project more complicated.</span><o:p></o:p></span></h3><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<h2 style="margin-left: 42pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #38761d;">Government Employees </span><o:p></o:p></span></h2><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 42pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">In Taiwan and many Asian
countries, the government employees are prestigious and respected despite its
low salary and limited power. The reasons may be the employment is permanent and
the work isn’t manual. In the case of civil engineering, the mandarins are
responsible to certify the progress in every stage and accept the completed stuff
of the project, highly influential to the public works and the contractors. So,
can be the top choice of graduates.</span><o:p></o:p></span></h3><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">But as the economy grows the
government enact many laws and regulations, which aren’t flexible in nature for
implementation but the civil servants need to follow. In addition, the
politicians, media and public frequently overrule the professed opinion; making
young engineer uncomfortable and hesitate to go after the government posts. </span><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">At the time when resources were
scarce, only the government would be affordable to import construction
technologies and appeal to the talents to work for big projects. It’s
attractive for engineers. Now that working for private companies could get even
better access for modern technology under more discerning evaluation. The incentives
for young talents to work for government are drastically reduced.</span><o:p></o:p></span></h3><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<h2 style="margin-left: 42pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #38761d;">Bosses or self-employed</span><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">In a market-oriented economy,
the individuals are free to exercise will and power in their own enterprise plus
that the sub-let system in Taiwan will allow new comers to deliver the works easy;
then the threshold to start construction business looks low. Many young people thus
select to become entrepreneurs before they can learn something as other’s
employees. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">A contractor needs capital,
follow engineers, business connections, access to resources required for
execution, and above all a mentality to lead the teammates you want to summon
for successful performance; therefore, it requires years of experience. But the
rigor and aggressiveness to found an enterprise will only attached to a young
brain, then you’ve to determine whether to be boss or self-employed at early
stage of your life.</span><o:p></o:p></span></h3><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">However, construction people often
risked to become accomplices of authority, super or sub tier contractors stealing
public money. The temptation are overwhelming: providing bad material, not
build according to the drawing, faulting the contracts. The bosses always
excuse themselves for the need of survival. But actually they like to enjoy
lucrative contracts and believe they’re well protected. But in the long run the
systematic fraud could be exposed and the professionals forsaking ethic
principles would be sacrificed.<br /> <o:p></o:p></span><span lang="EN-US">Unlike many developing world, Taiwan escaped endemic corruption
during and after the days massive infrastructure projects are under
construction. If you want to be a boss in Taiwan, the risk is smaller.</span></span></h3><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h2 style="margin-left: 24pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="color: red;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: red;">Resource Required for Project
Implementation</span><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<h2 style="margin-left: 42pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #38761d;">Man</span><o:p></o:p></span></h2><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 42pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Power to drive Individuals and
Organizations to achieve Business Goal: </span></span></h3><h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US">-Nature of Power</span></span></h3><h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span><span lang="EN-US">-Organization</span></span></h3><h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US">-Leaders</span></span></h3><h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US">-Power Distance</span></span></h3><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Managerial cadre:</span></span></h3><h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span><span lang="EN-US">-Titles</span></span></h3><h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US">-Recruitment</span></span></h3><h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US">-Professional and Occupational</span></span></h3><h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Project-based or Department-oriented(functional)
Management:</span></span></h3><h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span><span lang="EN-US">-Company’s Shrived HQ</span></span></h3><h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US">-Diploma Over-Trump Proficiency</span></span></h3><h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US">-Matrix Management</span></span></h3><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<h3 style="text-align: left; text-indent: 48pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #2b00fe;">d.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Personal and
organizational behaviors:</span></h3>
<h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US">- Company Culture related to Size<br /></span><span lang="EN-US">- High and Low Context Cultures</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left; text-indent: 48pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #2b00fe;">e.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Labor laws, quality,
incentives, unions</span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Labor and Taxation Laws
in Taiwan</span></span></h3><h3 style="text-align: left; text-indent: 48pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> - Taiwan’s Scrupulous
Professionals</span></h3>
<h2 style="text-align: left; text-indent: 24pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #38761d;">2)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Machine:</span></h2>
<h3 style="text-align: left; text-indent: 48pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #2b00fe;">a.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Prototype, Bespoke;
Portable, Fixed</span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left; text-indent: 48pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">b.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Operation, Maintenance and
Repair</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left; text-indent: 48pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #2b00fe;">c.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rental and Owning</span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left; text-indent: 48pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #2b00fe;">d.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Construction Method and Machine
Selected</span></h3>
<h2 style="text-align: left; text-indent: 24pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #38761d;">3)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Material</span></h2>
<h3 style="text-align: left; text-indent: 48pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #2b00fe;">a.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Local and Conventional
Material as Priority</span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left; text-indent: 48pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #2b00fe;">b.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Continuous Evolution of
Construction Material</span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left; text-indent: 48pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #2b00fe;">c.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Green Construction</span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left; text-indent: 48pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #2b00fe;">d.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Material and Equipment incorporated
into Permanent Project</span></h3>
<h2 style="text-align: left; text-indent: 24pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #38761d;">4) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Money</span></span></h2>
<h3 style="text-align: left; text-indent: 48pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #2b00fe;">a.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Payment</span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left; text-indent: 48pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #2b00fe;">b.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Standard International Contracts</span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left; text-indent: 48pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #2b00fe;">c.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Non-technical People to
Control Money</span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h2 style="margin-left: 42pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #38761d;">Market </span><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<h3 style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Contractors of Lemming
Mentality</span><o:p></o:p></span></h3><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -24pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Style </span><span style="text-indent: -24pt;">of Competition Personality</span></span></h3><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -24pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p><h3 style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: -24pt;">Elements of Competition</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Defying the International Norm</span><o:p></o:p></span></h3><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -24pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h2 style="margin-left: 24pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="color: red;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: red;">Overseas Construction Project</span><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<h2 style="margin-left: 42pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Historical Review (in Stages)</span></span></h2><h2 style="margin-left: 42pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Distribution of Added Value
under the New Market Order</span></span></h2><h2 style="margin-left: 42pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #38761d;">Chances for Taiwanese
Construction Industry in for Overseas Market</span><o:p></o:p></span></h2><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 42pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 42pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 42pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Compete with Locals over
Efficiency versus Providing Loan and Capital</span><o:p></o:p></span></h3><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Contribution of better
Construction Technology under Sublet System</span><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Possibility to undertake
Planning and Design Service</span><o:p></o:p></span></h3><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<h2 style="margin-left: 42pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #38761d;">Adjustment Imperative for
Company System and Policy</span><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">allowance, vocation,
compensation for tax, care of spouse and education of children</span><o:p></o:p></span></h3><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Elite of each Discipline shall
be Assigned</span><o:p></o:p></span></h3><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Headquarter shall overcome the
Difficulties to face Strange Accounting, Taxation, Currency Exchange, Law and
Rules Abiding, Standards and Codes, Contractual Administration, Procurement, and
Financing Arrangement</span><o:p></o:p></span></h3><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The Company shall be ready to offer
Money, Know-how, Credited work Experience and Talented People for Short
Mobilization Time. </span><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<h2 style="margin-left: 42pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #38761d;">Assignment of Right People to Run
Overseas Works</span><o:p></o:p></span></h2><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 42pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<h2 style="margin-left: 42pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #38761d;">Conceptual Readiness for
Construction Companies to undertake Overseas Business</span><o:p></o:p></span></h2><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 42pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The company management shall be
knowledgeable for overseas business</span><o:p></o:p></span></h3><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Early Information shall be
obtained through Local Agent, Sponsor or Representative. Wrong Contracts not signed
for Commissions or Aim to continue the agent ship. </span><o:p></o:p></span></h3><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<h2 style="margin-left: 42pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #38761d;">License, Registration, Special
Permit for Foreign Contractors</span><o:p></o:p></span></h2><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 42pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Ownership of Land, Housing and
Factory</span><o:p></o:p></span></h3><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Permit for Business Operation</span><o:p></o:p></span></h3><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Permit to import machine,
permanent equipment and material</span><o:p></o:p></span></h3><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Free to hire local engineers of
required qualification and numbers</span><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<h2 style="margin-left: 42pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #38761d;">Difference and Handicaps Working
in Foreign Land</span><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Language</span><o:p></o:p></span></h3><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Cultural Perception</span><o:p></o:p></span></h3><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Code and Standard</span><o:p></o:p></span></h3><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Safety and Environmental Protection
Rules</span><o:p></o:p></span></h3><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Tax Codes Interpretation and Application</span><o:p></o:p></span></h3><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 66pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Labor Management</span><o:p></o:p></span></h3><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 66pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>mtkaoforum3131.blogspot.tw/http://www.blogger.com/profile/01353164324501698355noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2576271459816084234.post-18362764033928416962021-09-02T22:59:00.008+08:002023-09-14T21:39:43.241+08:00<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face="新細明體, serif" style="color: #c00000; font-size: 18pt;"><b>共同或聯合承攬</b></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #c00000; font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #c00000; font-size: 16pt;">Understanding
Joint Venture<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #783f04;"><b><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">高銘堂</span><span lang="EN-US">MT Kao</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">/財團法人中興工程顧問社</span>
<span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">執行長</span><span lang="EN-US"> President,
Sinotech Engineering Consultant, Inc.</span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b style="color: #783f04;">發表於Vol. 48, No. 4 August 2021, 土木水利 第四十八卷 第四期</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: #c00000; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">公共工程招標的歷史背景及其演進</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #c00000; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #c00000; font-size: 14pt;">The
Historical Background and Its </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #c00000; font-size: 14pt;">Evolvement,
Public Works Tender in Taiwan</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">政府公共工程招標,原本「設計」與「施工」、「本業(土木)」與「異業(機電)」,必須分開,且限制廠商共同投標。其歷史背景起源於早年國家經費有</span><span face="新細明體, serif">限,大型基礎建設所需要的資金必須靠外援或貸款,技術要向先進國家學習。國內廠商能力有限,大家都希望按圖施工,平行包商間的協調,由業主單位來做,甚至連水泥、鋼筋等大宗材料都由政府來供應,以減少廠商的資金負擔。</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">There were days
construction resource scarce and the companies small and weak in Taiwan; the
government decreed that “design” should be separated from “construction”, “civil”
from “electrical/mechanical”, for local public works tenders. Build according
to the drawing provided by the consultants through the owner was the norm, and
the contractors welcome the owners to supply bulk material like cement and
rebar to relieve financial overburden.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #800180;">隨著國家經濟持續發展,工程建設變得龐大複雜,社會環境也不再像從前一樣單純,政府單位面對日趨繁瑣、嚴苛的開發與採購法規,必須重新思考工程招標辦法,就契約範圍、競爭模式、風險分擔比例等,依照現實需求做合理調。也因此在近二、三十年公共工程招標,出現了異質結合、共同投標、統包、BOT,或各種PPP(Public Private Partnership)等承攬方式。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #800180;">Public works then become sizable and sophisticated, concerned authorities busy to untie knotty regulations to balance development initiated by government have to revise the tenders for extended premise, varied evaluation modes and risk sharing schemes to smooth projects execution in a society presumed to build Tower of Babel. So, only in recent decades the tender laws are changed for more options such as joint tendering (by different business line, or the same line), turnkey, BOT, or various kind of PPP.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #38761d;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">但緊緊盯住政府建設的社會大眾卻認為,脫離非傳統最低標的招標方式,都可能存在弊端,所以會放大審視採購過程與結果。任何改變,只要造成局部缺</span><span face="新細明體, serif">失,就要追究。這種獵巫壓力的存在,會造成業主單位對於引進國外先進技術,或在設計與施工上協助國內工程業,感到猶豫。所謂改革難,創新危險。不能負任何誤失責任的業主單位,終究還是不會讓工程採購與管理制度,向前走得太快。</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #38761d;">However, a
mistrustful public, preoccupied with the populist idea that the lowest tender
should win, will not be happy to see anyone awarded the contract through </span><span style="color: #38761d;">evaluation process
stray from the conventional way. As long as there would be witch hunts following
misses in public works, the officials will become hesitate to try new </span><span style="color: #38761d;">ideas, including to
import advanced technologies from the international firms for foreign - local
venture. It’s the reason why the change in government procurement law and public
work management system is slow.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: #c00000; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「</span></b><b><span style="color: #c00000; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></b><b><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: #c00000; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">共同或聯合承攬」廠商實務操作時要解決的難題</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #c00000; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #c00000; font-size: 14pt;">The
Difficulties that a Joint Venture May Have Encountered<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #741b47;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: red;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">我們可先定義「共同承攬」是異業廠商的結合,「聯合承攬」則是同業廠商。而不論「共同」或「聯合」(以下統稱為「</span><span lang="EN-US">Joint Venture</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">」),廠商為單一工程投標與執行的結合,在國際上都是常見的商業行為。但在台灣,人們會先從「聯合行為」的角度,來檢視廠商的結合,會不會是壟斷、圍標?所以在招標時,業主單位會很小心的去限制參加者的家數、規範資格,並要投標者簽署、遵守,載有若干制式化規定的共同投標協議書,做為他們已經盡到當所注意,不會容許與廠商有不正當連結的證明。</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: red;"><span lang="EN-US">According to the
procurement laws in Taiwan, the Joint Venture means the Joint Tendering by
suppliers (or contractors) of the same line of business or those of </span><span>the different line.
While it remains ordinary commercial decisions for international firms, the
authorities in Taiwan are careful and only to allow joint tendering before he’s
sure there won’t be any concerted action taking place in the industry. Usually
the tenderers are requested to sign a Joint Tendering Agreement with a given
form to reaffirm the authorities that they will be abide by the laws.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span face="新細明體, serif">共同投標協議書所規定的這些要廠商簽署、遵守的簡明條款,主要是去規範「</span><span lang="EN-US">Joint Venture</span><span face="新細明體, serif">」的大框架,如承商的基本資格、彼此的分工、承攬的比例等。至若執行階段對「</span><span lang="EN-US">Joint Venture</span><span face="新細明體, serif">」的管理,則大致回歸到契約本身。與針對單獨廠商的傳統工程契約相比,「</span><span lang="EN-US">Joint Venture</span><span face="新細明體, serif">」廠商除了要負更多的介面協調責任</span><span face="新細明體, serif">外,並沒有什麼不一樣。但是廠商在漫長的履約過程中可能面對什麼樣的風險或問題,在投標時就必須要看明白,更要了解將來「</span><span lang="EN-US">Joint Venture</span><span face="新細明體, serif">」遇到問題後,業主依「工程契約」或「採購法」冷硬的規定裁決事項,相較於傳統工程會不會更嚴苛?</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US">The given clauses in
the Joint Tendering Agreement direct the tenderers to fill in their
qualification, scope of undertakings and proportionate share in the project,
which, </span><span>the owners considered
as fundamental. Anything that the tenderers wish to explain for their approach
will be regarded as deviation and the tender rejected. Questions made to the
Owner at or post the tender will be answered with interpretation in conformity
with the “Procurement Law” and the” Contract” (between the Owner and the JV). Such
a practice suggest that the Joint Venture have to assess all the risks implied
in the future during performance within short tender period. Also, it is noted
that the decimation of interfaces and uncertainties between the partners means
the </span><span>Joint Venture always
will have more problems in execution compared to the traditional contracts
administered by the Engineer or the Owner themselves.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #800180;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span face="新細明體, serif">採行「</span><span lang="EN-US">Joint Venture</span><span face="新細明體, serif">」履約方式的工程,通常會是較大、較複雜,本身就有較多的問題。一般人誤會這或與「</span><span lang="EN-US">Joint Venture</span><span face="新細明體, serif">」有關,其實並不蘊涵因果關係</span><span face="新細明體, serif">(</span><span lang="EN-US">correlated but not causation</span><span face="新細明體, serif">),所以我們不必去討論。真正因為「</span><span lang="EN-US">Joint Venture</span><span face="新細明體, serif">」的型態,廠商可能遭遇的問題大致有兩類:</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #800180;"><span><span lang="EN-US">Usually, projects
eligible to allow the Joint Tendering must be big and complicated, and by
nature tend to have more problems. People may have impression that Joint</span>Venture will bring in
more problem is not true, there may be correlation but not causational. So,
it’s not necessary for the owner and the contractors to avoid JV. Two
categories of problems are often seen in a Joint Venture:</span> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #38761d;"><span lang="EN-US">(1) </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">兩家(以上)制度、經營理念不一樣的公司,因為要完成一個大工程所產生的合作問題,包括效率的損失等。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #38761d;">(1) companies of
different systems and ideas have to work out a grand project, and the problems
of efficiency loss emerged and must be managed.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: red;"><span lang="EN-US">(2) </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">工程本身或市場形勢發生變更,</span>
<span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">個別的「</span><span lang="EN-US">Joint Venture</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">」成員,無法或不願意承擔原來分擔的風險。</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: red;"><span lang="EN-US"><span>(2) the project, the
market or the members themselves </span></span><span>change, the result
can be that one or several of the Joint Venture member(s) won’t bear the
consequence stemmed from the risks appeared.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「</span><span lang="EN-US">Joint Venture</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">」的法律地位,應適用於台灣民法的第</span><span lang="EN-US">667 </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">條至第</span><span lang="EN-US">699 </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">條「合夥」等規定。要注意的</span><span face="新細明體, serif">是它只以「短期」的方式存在。如果希望長期運作,就是要登記公司。就營造業來說,必須取得特許,實績也要重新計算。換句話說,登記公司的業務承攬與執行,法律上與原公司無關;而又因為成員廠商參與的是個別工程,與其他成員的結合也是臨時的,卻要針對工程與其他成員一起,對業主共負永久責任。所以實務上也要注意到某種程度的切割:法律與契約責任、稅負、資產處理、</span><span lang="EN-US">JV </span><span face="新細明體, serif">人員聘僱法律義務、銀行帳戶、執照、准證、智慧財產權,以及</span><span lang="EN-US">JV </span><span face="新細明體, serif">協定終結前無法避免的相互保證等,也就是前面所談到合作與風險問題的處理。相較於傳統工程契約,這些新問題更需要智慧與經驗來協助解決。</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US"><span>The legal status of
Joint Venture is mentioned in clause 667 to 699, Civil Code. But in Taiwan,
Joint Venture is permitted to exist on temporary basis. For construction industry
the effort to register it as a new company has no meaning as license to do
construction work is difficult to apply without any completion records. The contractual
requirement to accept Several and Joint liability toward the owner despite how
small scope of undertaking will be will haunt the members for participation. The
same reason for the minor partner that it has to clear</span><o:p></o:p></span><span> carefully the responsibility in the Joint Venture for big project: contract, tax, asset, employment, bank account, license, intellectual property right etc., particularly for people </span><span>accustomed to conventional single responsibility contract.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>「 共同或聯合承攬」對公共工程推動有正面效果</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>The Benefits Brought by Allowing JV Formation in the Tender</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #800180;">容許廠商組成「Joint Venture」方式承攬工程,業主單位也蒙受利益,因為有完整的工程團隊接手,他們可以減輕介面管理工作,等同間接減低工程成本、增加預算。當今工程發包常遇到困難,若允許廠商自行選擇團隊成員,可以提升發包成功率,對工程推動大有助益。所以機關不能因這種履約方式、契約規定較傳統發包來得繁瑣,而不去考慮。尤其有些工作,因國際廠商認為土洋合作會增添許多溝通工作,技術轉移更對他們無益,機關就遷就他們,只在招標時做一些鋸箭似的規定,減省一時工作,其實是損及政府發展產業的更長遠構想。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #800180;"><span>If the owner accepts companies of the same or different business lines to form Joint Venture for tendering and contracting, work load and cost for interfaces coordination </span><span>can be relieved. The liberty to allow companies to select partners further lower down the possibility that one of them may not perform the works as people know each other will form a team now. Sometimes international companies complain to the </span><span>owners that in order to include local partners for technology transfer they need to manage the inefficiency arising out of Sisyphus communication, it can be convincing that the owner will listen and consider also to save additional travail required for Joint Venture tendering so as to omit the policy to allow foreign-local Joint venture in the tender. Regrettably it will hurt the opportunity that an industry will undergo a metamorphosis.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #38761d;">所以一個有效的「Joint Venture」管理機制,應該可以嚴格、明確的要求承攬團隊,在既定的框架下實踐承諾(至少是投標時所做的),讓業主可以隨時了解契約的執行是否能達成實體目標,並符合政府栽培本國人才、發展產業等招標原意。這些管理機制要有效運作,除了要與實質罰則緊密連結,也要允許誠實的廠商遭遇突發困難時,有彈性與空間來解決問題。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #38761d;">Joint Venture can be an effective regime to supervise foreign and local cooperation allowing the owner to monitor the progress and understand whether or not the natives will be trained properly conforming to the government policy budded in the tender stage. Mechanism that combine severe penalty and the outcome will be useful; but flexibility shall be given to help the Joint Venture to solve the problem when it’s proven that they’re sincere to advance the technology transfer.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: red;">要更進一步探討「Joint Venture」組織的特質,以及它進入公共工程究竟會發生什麼作用,可以先了解個別廠商參加「Joint Venture」有什麼好處?首先異業廠商之間的合作,如前所說,可以減輕業主介面管理整合工作、降低工程風險。如果團隊是由廠商主動組成,大家可以找制度、經營理念比較相近的公司,以避免未來的糾紛與效率損失;而且因為彼此熟悉,對另一成員承擔風險能力的評估會比較實在。反之,如果業主就各異業分別招標,廠商會更加擔心平行承商施作不良的牽累,投標時需要將此機會成本堆疊上去。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: red;"><span>It will be useful to explore the structure and operation styles of a Joint Venture for the benefit they may have brought to public works; and it will be more evident to</span><span>know the reasons why companies want to join the team as a member for various reasons. For Joint Venture allowing contractors from different business line to tender, the liberty for companies to select partners will be advantageous to the owner to avoid efficiency loss and unnecessary dispute; meaning tremendous price down.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">再其次,就同業廠商的合作,許多業主單位受傳統觀念或社會大眾的成見影響,總認為此舉減少競爭者數目,徒然降低競爭態勢,沒有必要。但對一般的承商而言,卻相信與同業廠商共同承攬對他們有利:藉另一成員分擔承攬金額,可降低在單一工程資金與風險的負擔、學習其他成員可能較佳之技術與管理能力、擴展採購與發包接觸對象,未來得以增加本身競爭力;或者本身實績不夠時,藉聯合承攬以取得投標資格;甚或充份運用閒置資源等。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">For Joint Venture consist of contractors from the same business line, many owners become meticulous thinking of reducing of the number of qualified tenderers if some of them permitted to group together. But it’s not a justifiable decision because many of the companies prefer to: share both the capital and risk with others, learn from partners to improve their technical and managerial skill, know different vendors/subcontractors in the market, fortified itself with other’s completion records, and make additional usage of resources that will otherwise be going idle.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #800180;">但就業主單位而言,開放「共同或聯合承攬」的直接效益,如減低工程成本,社會大眾不一定從標價上就看得出來而給予正面評價,反而會指謫這是把借牌漂白,所以有時業主單位會比較保守。而就成本與進度而言,除非工程夠大,可以抵消「Joint Venture」組織通常會有的成員合作不易,效率不彰等問題,業主單位總希望面對的是單一窗口。所以數年前有不只一家業主單位,曾因Joint Venture 成員不願蓋章計價,實際已支付款項的廠商領不到錢,並且無法辦理驗收,造成困擾,所以幾年間不再允許廠商共同投標。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #800180;">The owners feel that the watchful public may not appreciate the cost saving harvested from the liberalization allowing contractors associated with each other as it won’t be shown on the tender opening price record, and instead, they fear doubt will be casted against any relaxation of qualification through joint tendering. There had been episodes justifying the banning of joint tendering as some of the Joint venture members intentionally sluggish the application of certificates halting the contractual process. The annoyed owner shut the door for collaboration for years and still on vigilance.</span></p><div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #134f5c;">台灣工程市場過度切割,營建業規模與能力變得有限,許多大型工程必須靠廠商協力合作、共同承擔,才能完成;有些工程又需引進先進施工技術或特殊工程設備,與國外公司組成「Joint Venture」承攬工程,共享施工資源,的確是最方便可行的辦法。或許有人擔心國際廠商意見太多,不易管理,寧願他們以本國廠商次層承攬商身分承擔工作責任,其實這反而會製造更多問題。只要業主單位能肯定自己的裁量權,不去迴避國際廠商一直拋出來的問題,積極溝通,採購目標,無論是直接或間接,一定可以圓滿達成。</span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #38761d;">The construction market in Taiwan is highly fragmented and the contractors aren’t big and strong; so for sizable projects the collaboration between the companies is essential. Forming Joint Venture with foreign companies sharing equipment, technologies and talents shall be the easiest and cheapest way. Many owners would rather ask the local contractor to sign the main contract and request the foreign</span></div><div><span style="color: #38761d;">company to be the second-tier contractor. The arrangement is costly and induce more communication problem, but, a determined owner can solve with calm discretion.</span></div><div><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>「 Joint Venture」的型態 —「聯營組織」( Consortium)</b></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>Type of “Joint Venture”— Consortium</b></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: red;">異業廠商為某特定工程結合,而參加投標,得標後執行契約,我們稱之為「聯營組織」(Consortium),採用這種型態是因成員廠商只能,且只願意,負責自</span></div><div><span style="color: red;">己專業與營業範圍的工作。把成員廠商提供的工作或服務加在一起,才能回應業主對招標工程的整體需求。舉例來說,如統包電廠中供應發電機、鍋爐或土建基礎的廠商各不相同,結合在一起,組成Consortium,才能參加電廠投標</span></div><div><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: red;">We may name it as Consortium if the contractors of different business line bind themselves together for the performance of particular project. The members in such a formation will be and only can offer the works/service according to their expertise and usual business. They form Consortium to tender because the owner’s want to have offer “complete”, for example, a total power plant consisting of turbine generator, boiler, facilities and civil foundation suppliers.</span></div><div><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;">雖然業主會要求Consortium 的成員廠商必須個別(severally)與共同(Jointly)對他負責(liable), 但實務上,工程所有的工作都為成員廠商所「認養」,只剩下很少量有共同性與一般性的工作,如保險、保證、工務整合(進度表、發票)、代理費用、風險準備金等,會歸為「共同項目」,由成員按其在直接工作上的「承攬比率」來分擔;也有為了希望工作劃分更簡單、明確,這些約占全部工程金額兩、三個百分點的共同項目工作,在某些consortium,會由個別廠商,或代表廠商來承擔。</span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Though the tender will request all the Consortium member to bear Several and Joint liability toward the owner, each party will divide the works apparent in the total project. Only items have common characteristics and not involve big money (normally, 2 or 3 percent of contract amount) will remain as “common items”, of which, the cost will be shared by the members according to share of participation, assigned to the Leader of the Consortium, or individual member.</span></div><div><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #800180;">Consortium 組合各成員的工作責任範圍應該明白,可以各自負責成敗、盈虧;理論上任何成員不必為其他成員的錯誤,或欠佳的運氣去賠錢;但它還是有介面與協調問題。不只是在實體工作的供應範圍,在施作的空間與時間上,從設計、供應、施工到試車,彼此要有承諾,特別是現代的工程都是急迫且複雜,每一成員都有可能在壓力下犯錯,必須支付受影響後的趕工費用,負擔整體工程的逾期違約金。另外因無法證明某些延遲是某廠商的責任,在無法釐清實況情形下,有時候自認為無辜的廠商,須按「承攬比率」來分擔整體工程的逾期違約金。所以Consortium 的運作實際上並不容易,成員間協調不佳,常轉為法律爭議。這對東方人來說,會很不習慣。</span></div><div><span style="color: #800180;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #800180;">In theory, the Consortium member wouldn’t be responsible for loss and profit resulted from the mistake, bad luck and poor performance by other members. But in practice, there will be interfaces in the scope of supply between the members. Work sequence and accessibility will always be the subject of argument, and money required for acceleration of disturbed work and additional interface management shall be paid by the faulting party. However, the responsibility of delay, if not found and corroborated properly, costs and ultimately penalties imposed by the owner should be distributed according to the Share of Participation. Disputes among the members need to be addressed from time to time.</span></div><div><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #38761d;">另一種情形是某些工作項目,可能不屬於各成員廠商的專業與營業範圍,為了要有投標機會,只好找第三者來擔當,但因這個項目的金額不一定大,或這</span><span style="color: #38761d;">廠商有類似寡斷等優勢地位,不願意擔任成員廠商。但因這工作或服務是整體工程所不可或缺,如特殊材料、設備,或施工機隊等,Consortium 只好同意列為「共同項目」,因採購、發包,而產生的成本與變數,則由全體成員來承擔。</span></div><div><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #38761d;">In practice, sometimes there will be work items for which the undertaking requiring a party other than the members of the Consortium, it can be special material, </span><span style="color: #38761d;">facilities or construction fleet belonged to an "influential” party, etc. And it will become one of the “common items” to the Consortium for many reasons, among them, that third party may have privileges or simply feel the risk is enormous. So, the Consortium will have to take the risk and place the works as common item.</span></div><div><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: red;">也有一種可能,大廠商考慮到小廠商因遲延或其他過失,必須賠償的趕工費用,或負擔整體逾期違約金會很高,甚至超出小廠商在工程的承攬金額。在權衡輕重後,認為小廠商犯錯的機率不大,不必為此而失掉組成Consortium,喪失承接大工程的機會,在合作協定中會同意減少小廠商的賠償風險。比如說,以承攬金額的百分之十為個別廠商賠償的上限,超出的部分再由全體廠商按工程「承攬比率」分擔,這是比較明智的做法。因為以列為「共同項目」及發包的方式去找廠商,遲延或做不好的風險可能還在,而且大多數情況下,業主單位可能招標時即要求這部分要由有機具、有實績,並願負共同責任的包商來參加。</span></div><div><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: red;">Another possibility the Consortium must have provisional sums for the items which bear the same nature of “common”, is the situation that a company who has to undertake works of which the total value is small related to the total contract price. But when this small partner is liable for the delay causing related party acceleration cost or/and having to undertake the total penalty according to the logic, the total indemnified amount could be unproportioned to their undertakings. An arrangement can be made for the members to bear the cost beyond the initial amount, say 20% of the smaller partner’s undertaking, according to the Share of Participation. It can be fair to the small partner and will attract them to perform specialty work; and the Consortium can tender and contractors with big stake in winning the tender may proceed to compete.</span></div><div><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;">所以廠商要組成Consortium,或受邀加入一個組合時,就要去了解其他成員廠商的規模、在未來標案擔任的角色、競爭力與協調能力等。因為成員廠商的專</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">業與營業範圍不一樣,取代性很低;在台灣又要考慮具同樣資格,但曾經參加過競標的廠商依法又不會被核准,選擇很有限。</span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Considering the stipulation above, when a company want to organize a Consortium, or is invited to participate in an association, he has to do due diligence work about </span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">the future partners for their role, competitiveness and the willingness to cooperate. In Taiwan, attention shall be given to the possibility of replacement, even it’s years away, because when the original one quit the JV for whatever reasons, the substitute will only be approved if they have the same qualification, and also have not participated in the same competition.</span></div><div><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #800180;">Consortium 型態的合作,還有一些缺點,就是會把標價堆到高於預算、或其他競爭者的標價。因為從人性出發,個別成員看到的都是圖說規範不利於自己工作的部分,認為業主這部分的預算是偏低的。同時大家都希望別人減價,也知道別人會要自己減價,所以會在算出來的成本上,再加一個「前置量」,做為開會減價的準備。有經驗的代表或領導廠商會要求各家減價,吵到最後,常是要求大家按照預算以同一比例減價。但業主的預算有時不準,就會引起爭論。更有些廠商認為自己工作的金額占總價的比例不高,高出行情也不會影響得標,不理會其他廠商減價的要求,認為減價是主要廠商的事,與他無關。所以決定標價的會議常有紛擾,與會者彼此可能產生心結,這種猜忌造成的因,可能會種下日後執行工作時影響合作的果。</span></div><div><span style="color: #800180;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #800180;">The final price submitted by a consortium could be staggering high by its nature. The individual member, for estimators they appointed, will see the specified requirement </span><span style="color: #800180;">and contract conditions for their part is stringent. They also complain the budget as established by the Owner and the Engineer is low for the very scope they’re assigned; it’s human nature that people understand everybody will cut their price significantly. So, the price presented to the leader or for final meeting will be marked up for an amount that the tenderer expects others request him to cut. Trimming of total price in a consortium is painful and takes an experienced and capable leader, however, there could be hangover hurting the people until after the tender that the </span><span style="color: #800180;">same people need to work together for a big project.</span></div><div><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>「 Joint Venture」的型態 —「合資經營」( Integrated J. V.)</b></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>Type of “Joint Venture” — Integrated Joint Venture</b></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #38761d;">相對於Consortium 成員把所有的工作幾乎「分光」,「合資經營」(Integrated Joint Venture) 是兩家(以上)的公司,不分工作,而是依投標時承諾的</span><span style="color: #38761d;">「出資比例」,共同負責成敗、盈虧。這個IntegratedJV 如同一家新公司,設立經理人,從成員廠商調集資源,包括資金、保證、重要幹部、機具設備、技術、財產、管理軟體,並依JV 合作協定向市場採購、發包,取得要完成工程所需要的資源。</span></div><div><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #38761d;">Contrary to the Consortium operation that the members always divide the works to last items, the Integrated Joint Venture will implement the works as an entity. The </span><span style="color: #38761d;">members invest the “new company” with the capital according to the “Share of Interest”, i.e., the percentage, agreed in the tender. There will be managers assigned by the partner in line with the “Joint Venture Agreement” as if it were a new “Company”. Resources such as working capital, guarantees, staffs, equipment, technology, property, soft wares will be solicited from the partners or the markets. </span><span style="color: #38761d;">Profit and loss will be borne by the partners according to the “Share of Interest”.</span></div><div><span style="color: #800180;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: red;">Integrated JV,在估價投標階段,是要提出一個最具競爭力的標價,對第三者在材料、施工與設備的報價,以及規範圖說可能有的問題等,立場一致,不會</span><span style="color: red;">像Consortium 的情況,各成員會有不相信對方的負面情緒。在最後的標價決定會議,成員廠商也應只是彼此提醒要去注意的風險,或發表對競爭情形的判斷。對組織Integrated JV 的代表廠商,選擇成員會比較重視與他的互補性、商譽,以及財務狀況。</span></div><div><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: red;">Since tendering stage, people assigned to work for the Integrated JV from the partners may enjoy congenial work spirit for the common good to finalize a competitive price. Most of them have identical discipline, i.e., civil, M/E or HVAC, to check the same quotation offered by subcontractors or vendors; they’ve no reason not to trust each other. And in the final meeting, they can identify the risk amicably to obtain the lowest possible tender price. For Integrated JV, the leader wants to have the lowest cost, shall consider to select the members complementary with each other in expertise, high company reputation and good financial capability.</span></div><div><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #741b47;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;">但在某些狀況下,工程中某些工作需要特殊技術或施工機械設備,JV 團隊中的某一個成員可以提供,從市場和成本的角度來看,應該由他來承攬這個工項</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">並負責盈虧成敗,較為合理,所以這些項目應該算是共同項目,這個成員就是JV 的小包。這種情形很多,比如說,在EPC 合約,JV 雖然是以Integrated 的形式經營,但把其中的設計交給某一具此能力的成員;或是說某個港灣工程,其中的浚挖作業要交給有船機的成員,然後大家再以Integrated JV 的經營方式,執行整個工程。</span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;">There can be situation when one member of the JV is in an advantageous position (to him and to the JV) to offer special technology or construction machine required for certain important items; then it will be fairer to ask this member to undertake the work items for market availability and cost implication. The situation may be exemplified by the cases that one JV member shall undertake design work in an EPC contract; or one member with dredging fleet shall be assigned for the reclamation works in a sea port construction works. It means that a Joint Venture, actually operate as a consortium, with one member exclusively work for that independent work and all the member also work as Integrated Joint Venture members for other work items.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #800180;">如前文所說, 在台灣「Joint Venture」的法律地位,準用於民法中的「合夥」等規定,並受保障,但它只以「短期」的方式存在,不是像許多國家可以申請用一個稅籍帳號,就是說可以獨立開發票,適用幾個工程的承攬。在Consortium 的情況,個別成員在銷項方面會依自己承攬的工作的計價金額,開設發票給代表廠商,再由代表廠商彙總,開設發票予業主;對成本進項的處理,則和個別成員承辦一般工程一樣,不會與JV 有關係,也就是說在財務、會計與成本管理可以維持原來的做法。</span></div><div><span style="color: #800180;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #800180;">As expressed in the previous paragraphs, the legal status of Joint Venture is mentioned as partnership in Taiwanese Civil Code but only for temporary existence.It distinguishes from the situation in some other countries that the Joint Venture are given an invoice number valid for several projects. In the case of Consortium, the individual member will open its invoice for each certificate with the amount equal</span></div><div><span style="color: #800180;">to what they’re entitled in the performance and contract price; the Leader summarize the invoices and doesn’t need to take care of the expenditure part of the cost. And the member company will not be disturbed in terms of financing, accounting and cost control.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #38761d;">但在Integrated JV,銷項金額與Consortium 的情況差不多,是按照「出資比例」由各成員開銷項發票給代表廠商彙總;但成本進項一般是由代表廠商與供應商/小包等訂約,加上成員廠商經授權的對外採購支出、派遣至JV 人員的薪資、專利權利金,或小額費用等,再依「出資比例」與實際的成本,開立進項發票給成員廠商,銷項與進項發票的差異,就是盈虧。這類型的JV,會計與成本控制較複雜,實務上應注意三個問題:</span></div><div><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #38761d;">In the case of Integrated JV, the invoices shall be opened by the Leader, who represent the association, for each certificate to the Owner; and the individual member shall open the invoice according to their Share of Interest in the project. For the part of cost input management, the expense will include the cost paid to the vendors/subcontractors, which the JV leader or in less frequent cases the members signed with, the salaries of those seconded to the JV, patent fees, and minor expense handled by the members. The Leader will collect and manage the ledgers and open the voices of the same amount to the follow members. There will be balance between the outgoing and incoming invoice for each member, then that’s the loss or profit:</span></div><div><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: red;">(1) 與供應商/小包的簽約,以及進項憑證的處理是委託代表廠商,這對台灣廠商是較新的經驗。因為除了彼此必須信任,還有帳冊要交由其他公司處理的問題。一般的小公司在做帳方面的透明度是有限的。所以在台灣,為承攬工程所作的短期結合,如果工作不能分清楚,共同投標會有困難的。</span></div><div><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: red;">(1) It can be new to Taiwanese companies for Joint accounting and cost control in an Integrated JV, and maybe difficulties. Because usually the leader will be authorized to sign the sub-contracts, and receive the invoices accordingly. The books shall be managed by one party, supposed to be a stranger, and naturally not appreciated by small companies as ledgers and expense shall be most sensitive part of construction business. Maybe it’s also the reason company in Taiwan, either doing design or construction works, will prefer consortium type of work division.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;">(2) 代表廠商要負責財會計與成本管理,所以這方面的流程與系統應該與代表廠商一致,其他成員廠商必須去適應,做正確的解讀。在大方向上,如年度盈虧申報與繳稅策略、單據與各項作業電腦化程度、成本控管,成員與代表廠商的差異不能太大。</span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;">(2) The Leader shall be responsible for financing, accounting and cost control; there will be procedure adopted for JV operation. Normally it has to be identical with </span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">what is using in the Leader’s head office; and the member companies has to be adaptable. Also the members have to discuss common strategy for taxation, process for receipts and invoices, extent and system of computerization, interpretation of cost monitor and control report, inventory and warehouse management; so that the difference should be minimized.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #800180;">(3) 在與外國廠商的合作,還有總公司管理費、智慧財產權利金匯出,JV 是否同意認列為有效成本、他國與我國是否已簽署雙邊協定避免重覆課稅,以及後續執行是否會有問題等,在某些國家此部分金額要求的幅度會比較大。而總公司管理費方面,許多歐洲公司會認為這是一種必要成本,在Integrated JV 投標前,應先澄清。</span></div><div><span style="color: #800180;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #800180;">(3) Many foreign companies regard head office overhead is a cost item, and the remittance for granted, the same also considered for patent or any other intangible service. Amount about the range under which tax exemption or duplication can be applied shall be clarified, and more important whether the bilateral agreement between Taiwan and that foreign government entered or not. It is understood, some companies from Europe need higher margin for overhead; and when we go out to countries like India, head office overhead will be charged at the same rate as profit tax.</span></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div><span style="color: #38761d;">Integrated JV 的經營管理,不是如Consortium 只要擔任聯合組織對業主的窗口,而是要完成工程。所以經理必須由代表廠商派任,副手則由各成員廠商派任。重要幹部與技術人才,各廠商都必須支援。然而Integrated JV 出狀況最多的就是這一部分。因為大家是同業,專業與營業範圍都差不多,所謂天塌下來有人頂,有些成員廠商人才不足,或想把較好的人派到較重要的工程,就讓代表或最大廠商去煩惱。也就是這樣,許多業主單位認為同業承攬,專業太近,幾家廠商組成一家投標,對執行完工又沒幫助,徒然減少競爭態勢,所以反對開放共同投標。</span></div><div><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #38761d;">The purpose of Integrated JV operation/management is to complete the works and secure profit, not like the case of Consortium mainly to serve the owner no more than communication; so the Leader is responsible to assign the project manager and other members shall second deputy or assistants. The elite staffs required to carry out the tasks also better to be sent by JV members and their availability shall be checked before the tender. However, the members in Integrated JV usually are coming from the same business line and their staff supposed having similar background; there’s possibility that a member irresponsible or incapable may send unqualified persons onto positions and cause problems. And it happens among the local contractors who never have enough engineers but eager to take much work</span></div><div><span style="color: #38761d;">and risk; typical entrepreneurs. The malingering hurt the project very much and even will remind the owners that allowing joint tender is not a right thing.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: red;">對人員的派任,本國廠商常欲簡化作業,而有些奇怪的詮釋。首先,派員,特別是派資深、有經驗的人是成員廠商的權利,也是義務。人員的成本,薪資、加班、獎金、休假、動員等費用都是由JV 負擔,但不允許加上管理費與利潤。但在與先進國家如日本的合作,因薪資水平差太多,所以會出現「包」的概念,沒有按照真正的人數與費用來計算。因不定數太多,會衍生出許多問題。合作廠商在將來談判這方面的追加減時,必須準備很大的彈性。</span></div><div><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: red;">Taiwanese companies for all its desire to simplify the future transaction, have odd interpretation about the assignment of persons to JV organization. First, it shall be the members’ right and obligation to send the right persons for the positions, the costs including salary, overtime, bonus, vocation, and mobilization shall be paid by JV, but overhead and profit shall not be added. But the cooperation with advanced economies like Japan, the idea of “wrap up” that the foreigners to offer lump sum is used for the personnel assignment because the fundamental difference in manning cost is so much. The lack of preciseness for numbers and expense of the assignment will oblige the JV member to talk in the future with flexibility; and only they have mutual trust they can conclude it.</span></div><div><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;">為了鼓勵大家派員到JV 工作,並符合JV 分擔風險的本意,任何成員都不應為他們派任人員的犯錯而背負過失責任。但如果成員發現JV 工作人員有不適任,市場上或各成員有更佳人選,可以要求PM 同意置換。又,為保護較弱廠商,通常在JV 合作協定會有一條,在工作中,或完工後若干時間,成員廠商不能聘僱另一成員的員工。</span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Second, the companies shall not be responsible for any mistake and losses made by the persons assigned to JV positions. If persons working for JV in any position are found not competent for the duties, the PM shall agree the replacement from any other person from the market or the member. Also, for the reason often the minor partner needed, the JV member shall agree not to employ persons having been working in the other member during JV proceeding or/and until sometime after.</span></div><div><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>與外國人的 Joint Venture</b></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>Joint Venture with Foreign Companies</b></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #800180;">各種建設工程,包括附屬於其中為齊備、維持機能必要的電氣、機械、設備、建築、結構物等,是經濟發展的基礎。台灣自1950 年後,無論是規劃、設計或施工,不斷向先進國家學習,現在相當多領域中,我們能力已不遜於他們。甚至在若干高技術的工程,如捷運、電廠、石化工業等,我們都有能力輸出國外,最關鍵的就是,從過去與國際廠商的 Joint Venture 中得到了實作經驗。</span></div><div><span style="color: #800180;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #800180;">Man built environment, including electrical, mechanical, equipment, building and structure pertaining to it, is the foundation of economic development; Taiwan is quite successful in learning the advanced construction and engineering technology from top notch countries and now export them for projects such as subway, power plant, or patrol-chemical industries thanks to the experience obtained from working with them in Joint venture.</span></div><div><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #38761d;">自1980 年以來,國家政策要求,外國廠商承攬重大工程,無論是設計或施工,都要找本國廠商合作,本國廠商從做占比相對少的小包開始,到聯合承攬、技術合作,終究取得主導地位,只允許外國廠商(根據GPA)有限度的參與,且都要求由本國廠商做為代表廠商。雖然,因為台灣的工程造價歷經完全競爭後,幾乎是全世界最低,使得國際營建業者無法長期、支配性的參與。但相對於許多國家,我們營建產業的自由度還是很高,只要他們有特殊技術、在特定項目、可以克服本土業者的競爭,在台灣還是可以扮演活躍的角色。</span></div><div><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #38761d;">It’s the policy of the country since 80’s, the foreign companies undertaking critical civil engineering contracts, design or construction, would be requested to commit fixed percent of the total contract amount to the locals, in the form first as sub-contract, then JV partnership, or technical advisory. Now, in most of the foreign-local cooperation the international companies can only be participated according to GPA signed between Taiwan and their country. But the reason for such reversal may be that the rates and prices for civil work in Taiwan are almost the lowest in the world, which, discourage the outsider for permanent and dominating participation. But construction market in Taiwan is still free for firms from advanced economies to be active if they possess unique and competitive technology.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: red;">以施工來說,就外國營造廠參與台灣的工程,自早期的北二高、台北捷運初期網路、電廠、超高大樓、高速鐵路,至LNG 儲槽,以及最近的離岸風電</span><span style="color: red;">工程,本國廠商從完全接受他們的指揮,到以次包身分,或Consortium Partner 獨立承攬某一部份工作,其實路走得很艱辛。因為台灣承包商競爭意識太強,長期降價搶工作,公司靠少數幾個能幹的幹部,就能降低成本,承攬大工程。這種經營方式,老闆只能容許即刻可以發揮生產力,替公司賺錢的工程師。公司沒有餘裕留置人才;也無暇追蹤新的或複雜的業務,結果會是,在與國際公司談判時居於劣勢。</span></div><div><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: red;">As construction work in past decades is concerned, foreign constructors participated in the 2nd freeway, phase 1 Taipei MRT, power plant, skyscrapers, high speed rails and until recently the off shore wind mill projects, many as main contractors while the locals started following their whole direction, acted as sub-contractors and finally consortium partner working side by side with them have factually to take the brunt because the low price they used to offer. The low price has forced the bosses only to reward the employees who are able to make imminent contribution for plucking low hung fruit, and nobody has leisure to study the new technology in negotiation with international companies for new type of projects. The market fragmentation trims the companies to pygmies.</span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;">相對於國際公司組織嚴密及分工精細,用人簡約或專業不足的台灣公司,不得不以鬆散結盟方式找下包或合作夥伴,一同與外國人談判,或是幫忙計算獻策,求能應付一時。但過度依賴外部資源的結果,遇變化常反應不及,讓外國談判代表以為本土公司能力有限。遑論缺乏談判經驗,拙於表達,常導致最後談成的契約,不論是聯合承攬或下包,不能達成談判目標,或只能將戰線延長至標後,甚至到要履行契約時,已經同意過的事又要重談,讓對方驚訝。</span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The international companies have rigorous organization and subtle work division among their staffs; contrast to this, Taiwanese construction companies stranded long for low overhead have to ask the sub-contractors, vendors or any sort of business partners to join the negotiation more than back up. It’s a loosen form of consortium by entrepreneurs by nature is impatient for detail discussion and serious clarification. So, there could be possibility the cooperation agreement concluded but the local party would revisit the parts they’ve pledged hastily before the tender to the astonishment of foreign partner.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #800180;">其實與國際廠商進入實質的合作,某些徒有其名或工作只靠發包的本國廠商才會了解到,專業分工並不是徵募幾位考上執照的工程師,派遣他們到工地應卯就算了。最近許多公司無法招聘到理想質量的工程師,進而造成履約問題,在某種程度上是一種淘汰,因為只有夠實力的廠商才能取得資源。的確有些大型工程,只有國際營造商或開發商才能居於主導地位。與他們的合作,或許能讓台灣的施工廠商,因較合理的單價與契約條件,擺脫在低價、得過且過間徘迴的長期困境。</span></div><div><span style="color: #800180;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #800180;">In JV organization with international contractors, many well branded local companies are now waking up to know the true professionalism isn’t equal to the recruitment and assignment of persons with licenses required by the project. Instead, they must have experience and really are engaged in the works. Recently, many contractors have problems to carry out the contract because they fail to recruit sufficient qualified engineers in a tightening market. It’s a weeding, however, the contractors who may be working with the international developers or contractors may free themselves from the plight always trapped in the low prices and get by with shabby resource. We presumed that the professionals will have bigger say in the projects that the foreign companies will have participated, so as to have reasonable prices and contract terms in the works.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #38761d;">工程設計的發展,在人才資本均匱乏的時期,都是由國家集中有限人才,然後靠美國政府或國際開發組織等,派遣顧問指導,轉移技術。後來又要求國外顧問公司必須將設計工作交給本國設計廠商,他們提供的服務讓業主覺得方便並有信心,因而持續茁壯。台灣設計廠商的能力與成本,在國內外足以與外商競爭,像捷運、橋梁、工業區,與水利等工程,我國業者還能在東南亞取得工作,即為例證。</span></div><div><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #38761d;">The nation had to put talents and capital available together to learn from the more advanced foreigners for the design capability at days the country was backward and technology transfer most important. The locals’ ability gained ground when measures such as forcing the international companies to sub-let part of the works to them taken hold by the government. Gradually, the owners prefer the locals to do the design work as immediate response are expected. Until now, Taiwanese engineering firms also are encouraged for the success in the competition in Southeast Asia for the design service like MRT, bridge and viaduct, industrial park and hydraulic structures, it confirmed that they can do the works as good as Westerners.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: red;">但就設計工作來說,與國外廠商的合作,如果用Consortium 垂直分工的方式,像公路或軌道工程以里程碑來分,就表示國外或國內廠商都有單獨完成工作的能力,只是某一時間內能夠完成多少工作的能量問題。但如果以Integrated Joint Venture 的觀念來分,就有主、有輔,其中的一家來做大部分的工作,另外一家提供諮詢、查核或其他工作。各廠商間的工作項目及承攬比例會先談定,並在共同投標協議書中載明。承攬比例應以「金額」,但也可以用其他認定方式來做基準,以適應產業的發展狀況,或權責單位的查核特殊需求。</span></div><div><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: red;">But for design works, should they be divided vertically between the two companies, e.g., according to the mileage in the cases of railroad or high way projects, it implied that each party can do the jobs alone. The consortium type of work division is only meaningful when both parties are locals and there won’t be any issue regarding technology transfer. Design companies forming an Integrated JV may try to merge themselves, but can be hard between the learning local company and foreign firm with manifested better know-how. The compromise can be one party performing as main designer while the other to provide advice or checks. And under the scheme, the Share of Interest shall be measured by undertakings in money term; or other means adapt to the technological maturity of the industry or the owner’s requirement to check for the tender or contract.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #800180;">表面看來無瑕的合作協定,都可能淪為一方的借牌,尤其是設計工作,承攬比例可能只用來分配最後的盈餘。大部分的銷項費用,可以用其中一方人員的薪資費用,或發包給第三者的契約價金來充抵。這種情形,當外籍設計公司找不到,或不願意去找,真正做設計工作的本土廠商做為合作對象,就會發生。如果有不具備實力的公司願意配合,做為傀儡夥伴時,會有非之無刺的情形發生。如果政府主管機關在決標前,或執行中的查核,能夠詢問競標者他們的工作細節,特別是薪資及賦稅資料,並保留核可權,直至工作完成,外國廠商是不會踩紅線的。</span></div><div><span style="color: #800180;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #800180;">Any JV agreement following the tender stipulation superficially, can be used by the major partner to sidestep the minor, usually the local party, in the case of design service. The Share of Interest entered into the formal agreement will only be applied at the moment to distribute the profit, which, as predetermined officially is a small percentage of the total amount after deducting the actual expense going to the major partner for execution. Though cumbersome to check, the owners can request the competitors to submit execution plan before award, and check details including the salaries and tax filing for expatriates during the execution (though need to find a balance with relevant privacy right), hold the approval until design completed. The international companies will not cross the line.</span></div><div><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>「 共同或聯合承攬」,市場形勢與成員相對實力</b></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b>Joint Venture, the Market Situation and Strength of the Members</b></span></div><div><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #38761d;">「共同或聯合承攬」的構成與運作有一定的原則,遵循法律規定,不去對抗市場與常識,是JV 廠商們應有的自我要求。但工程的承攬與經營,雖大致須運用工程與邏輯思維,實質上還是要受商業、人文因素的影響。有時只能妥協於現狀,故理性必須包容人性,先進不能即刻除代舊習,所以:</span></div><div><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #38761d;">JV formation and operation shall follow principles to work under existing laws and regulations; and never try to do opposite against the market and common sense. We recognize the tendering and execution of the construction contracts shall be guided by engineering and logic, however, most of the times affected by commerce and humanity, having to compromise with the status quo. The rationality has to contain human nature; and the progress cannot be the reason to eliminate the common practice, so:</span></div><div><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: red;">(1) 規模較大或承攬工作較多公司的權威與影響力</span></div><div><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: red;">(1) Size does matter with regard to JV member’s capital and Share of Interest</span></div><div><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;">JV 組織做決定,理論上要有共識決,而非如一般公司是以股權表決。實際上,在聯合經營體承攬的工作較多、投入的資源較多,應該就是JV 的Leader,人事上有權派任專案經理。在Integrated JV 中工程的執行,實際上是做為Leader 的大公司以他派任的專案經理,以及工程師群來完成工作,不可能事事徵詢其他成員的意見。</span></div></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;">In theory, JV organization reach decisions through unanimity, not majority votes as in the case of permanent company. If a JV member undertakes more shares than the others and most likely he’ll be the Leader of the JV. having the privilege and responsibility to assign the Project Manager. The execution of the works, particularly in the integrated JV will be carried out by PM and staffs most of them also come from the Leader “following the direction from mother company". There won’t be any leisure to consult with the member for every detail.</span></div><div><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #800180;">小公司固然可以針對某些意見,有所保留,但如Leader 以聽他的話不成功後,他須負責後果;或不聽他的話卻成功但因遲滯決定,造成JV 效率的損失,也要賠償,這與情況相反時,分配到他所獲得的賠償,不成比例。所以有些小公司,特別是與Leader 不一樣國家的成員廠商,以為「共識決」在某種程度上會等同「否決權」,想要脅大公司屈服,這是危險的概念。</span></div><div><span style="color: #800180;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #800180;">The minor member can of course have different opinion against the Leader, however, any insistence resulted in indemnification including loss of efficiency and time can be borne reverse to the Share of Interest for a minor member of the JV. There is possibility that a minor partner, often the company in different country with the Leader, mistakenly to interpret the unanimity as a veto to extort the</span></div><div><span style="color: #800180;">major partner is actually dangerous. </span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #38761d;">在某些國家,產業內各廠商的互動還是要看公司的相對規模,或業務或生產鍊上的層級關係(hierarchy)。像日本廠商的JV,是不講民主與法制,壓制的味道很重,是不會容許類似「下剋上」的抗議情形發生的。但任何牽涉到台灣廠商的JV,則可能完全相反。主辦廠商或專案經理可能要花更多的時間對內解釋,他為什麼對業主、第三者,要做如此的反應。在不同的文化,大家對「權力距離」的解讀不一樣。</span></div><div><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #38761d;">In certain countries, the companies in the industry have to interact with each other according to their relative sizes and business relationship whether one usually will be </span><span style="color: #38761d;">the other’s underling in the hierarchy. So, in the JV though alienated from the other business in home country, the less sizable company needs to submit to the apparent oppression disregard the principles of “democracy” and “rule based” operation. And in any JV involving Taiwanese members, The Leader and the Project Manager always need to spend more time and effort explaining for the responses to third parties or the owner. There is different interpretation to “Power Distance” under different culture.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: red;">(2) 對成員廠商基本利益的尊重</span></div><div><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: red;">(2) Respect the JV Member’s fundamental Right</span></div><div><br /></div><div>J<span style="color: #2b00fe;">V 是短期結合,成員廠商的基本利益並不能以「多數決」做減損,更不能以專案經理以例行手段來妨害或限制。所以一個JV,專案經理由Leader 派任,副經理就要由其他成員來派任,組成工地委員會來行使共同權力。成本、會計的主管也要有同樣的安排,如果工程或專案規模不夠大,無法支援這些人員的永久性進駐,也要安排成員公司不定期查帳或稽核。業務性質較敏感的部門,如採購、發包等,各成員可能也會要求派員,或至少要求某些較重要的項目,要由成員公司複核、同意。信任關係建立後,這些步驟可以簡化,但基本上這是成員的權利,Leader 與專案經理必須尊重。</span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;">JV works on temporary basis, and the member’s right can’t be determined by majority votes, nor the exercise of them can be impeded or restrained by the deeds by project manager and his staffs. Deputy and assistant managers shall be assigned by other members and in theory they’ll have similar power with PM; together they will organize the Site Committee for quotidian JV works. Cost and account department shall have the same arrangement allowing experts for stationing or checks. The members may also be interested in sending people for department responsible for procurement or to request the PM to submit cases of </span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">detail to each member for review and approval before trust established between JV office and them.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #800180;">如同一般公司,Integrated JV 會依合作協定規定組成董事會,決定組織、規章、核定成本、進度、同意重大人事、採購、對業主報價(變更)、訴訟,與財產處理案件等,此為採行「共識決」。對Integrated JV 而言,除非Leader 業務上具分量、能拿到工程、執行時大家可預見有豐厚利潤、指派的PM 具領導力,否則在最關鍵的權力機關董事會開會時,Leader 要接受挑戰。</span></div><div><span style="color: #800180;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #800180;">Just like ordinary company, integrated JV will have to set up the Board according to the agreement entered between the parties. The Board meetings will decide the project organization, operation rules, approve reports from Project Management for assignment of persons, procurement,and proposal to the Owner, cost, litigation, asset management, etc. The Board meetings can be confrontational and critical to JV operation unless the Leader is the one bring the business and profit for members, and the PM assigned is intact for performance.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #38761d;">在Consortium,董事會最關心的是進度,與之有關的介面協調事項會是討論的焦點。</span></div><div><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #38761d;">In the case of Consortium, meetings will focus on the progress and clarify any problem that may appear in the interfaces between works taken by different members.</span></div></div><div><br /></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: red;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">但不管是那種形式的</span><span lang="EN-US">JV </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">組織,成員的投資或承攬</span><span face="新細明體, serif">比率如何,在</span><span lang="EN-US">JV </span><span face="新細明體, serif">中,沒有一個成員的權利或地位能高</span><span face="新細明體, serif">於其他成員。</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: red;">High above anything,
no JV member is said to be superior to the other members disregard the Share of
Participation.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US">(3) </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">工程所在國廠商的特殊地位</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">(3) The standings of
local JV members</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;"> </span><span style="color: #800180;"><span face="新細明體, serif">工程所在國政府為扶植國內業者,不論是設計或施工,通常會要求國際廠商將部份工作以</span><span lang="EN-US">Consortium</span><span face="新細明體, serif">或</span><span lang="EN-US">Integrated JV </span><span face="新細明體, serif">方式交給業主認為夠資格之本土廠商。</span><span face="新細明體, serif">但資格與技能、競爭力並不一定等同,尤其在投標前相對為短的時間,國際廠商認為其做評估會有風險,所以就會產生只想付出有限費用,找不實際參與的廠商來合作(</span><span lang="EN-US">sleeping partner</span><span face="新細明體, serif">)之念頭。以離岸風電設計為例,投標規定國外與本土承攬比率必須在一定數字以上,但查核只在投標時做一次,細節等實做時才見分曉,這樣的執行有可能違背招標原意。</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #800180;">There may be
requirement from the host government that the foreign participants of the
project have to form JV with local companies, either in Consortium or
integrated </span><span style="color: #800180;">JV. But as aliens,
the international companies feel it too risky within short tender period to
decide a known amount can be undertaken by strange companies, so they prefer to
go for a sleeping partner just paying puny fees for a legitimate participation.
Take offshore wind mill design works as example, the paper will show the Share
of Participation adherent to the tender stipulation, and the international contractors
will gain the freedom to do what they want in the future for the limited risk.
It’s because the checks will only be done once in tender stage, and won’t
expose the </span><span style="color: #800180;">actual work details
carried out in the far future.</span><span style="color: #800180;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: #38761d; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">其實不論是設計或施工,較弱的一方會希望得到保障。如本土廠商相對於開發商與具技術經驗的國際廠商,他們希望站穩了後有機會做真正的工作,因此開始學習。但因要實際參加工作,需要有人才、經歷,最嚴重的是可能面對失敗,所以如果無法說服對方交付工作,只好繼續配合國際廠商,做不到真正的工作,只等著依照承攬比例分配利潤。前一節中已提到,看來無瑕的設計工作合作協定,所載的承攬比例只是籠統的承諾,真正的銷項費用流向在招標查核時尚不知往何處行去,在無法掌握之下,最後可能淪為借牌。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #38761d;"><span>When cooperation
between foreign and native companies is enforced for design or construction of
wind mill works, most of the locals want to be guaranteed for </span><span>success. The
international companies, high fly developers or contractors, for the
requirement in schedule and project financing would like to find maximum
freedom in their future actions. And it’s possible for local companies to offer
minimum fees to woo the foreigners and wait to get the final dividend according
to the Share of Participation appeared on the paper. We said about this in
section above, stressing the checks by the owner done only once at tender stage
when where the actual design cost goes is unknown can be misleading.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: red;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在某些情況下,當地廠商範圍甚至可以縮小到同一國家的不同縣市。以台灣來說,在花蓮、金門、馬祖或澎湖,某些廠商具壟斷性施工資源,或社會關</span><span face="新細明體, serif">係。在台灣本島,或許不明顯。但如日本,全國性的公司到北海道或沖繩,要與當地的廠商合作,並以當地廠商做為</span><span lang="EN-US">JV </span><span face="新細明體, serif">的</span><span lang="EN-US">Leader</span><span face="新細明體, serif">,這就是憑著地域的特殊關係取得的地位。在組織</span><span lang="EN-US">JV </span><span face="新細明體, serif">邀請成員時必須注意這一點。</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: red;"><span lang="EN-US">There are companies
getting clout by their origin, and the companies from outside not necessarily
from foreign have to recognize it. For example, there will be local </span><span>companies cornered
special construction resource, or social relationship, like in Hualien, Kinmen,
Matsu or Penghu in Taiwan. It can be more apparent in Japan, larger than Taiwan,
the so called big five going to Hokkaido or Okinawa has to ask the locals to
Join the team and sometimes even ask them to be the Leader. When people want to
organize JV, he has to consider the point.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(4) </span><span face="新細明體, serif">「共同或聯合承攬」中的異議與偏執者</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span>(4) The Dissenter and
Paranoid as the JV Member</span><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #800180;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「共同或聯合承攬」常有成員持反對意見,或發生於外國廠商因文化上的成見,在篩選本土合作對象與組成團隊時,即誤導或激怒本土廠商;也有本土廠商因欠缺與異國合作經驗,並對大型工程設計、施工感到陌生,故對國外領導成員所採措施感到疑懼,而有抗議甚至抵制行動發生。但這些都必須以耐性來解決,在順利完成工作的共同目標前提下,只要相關人員回到理性,「個人化」的問題都容易解決。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #800180;"><span lang="EN-US">It’s not unusual that
in a Joint Venture the members could be antagonistic against the Leader and
cause troubles from time to time. It happens when a dominant foreign </span><span>company mislead or
irritate the natives for the unnecessary cultural prejudice; or in the other
way that the locals are not knowledgeable about international cooperation and
the execution of a gigantic project, so in addition to casting doubt about the
JV decisions they may protest and act not in congeniality with the team. The
problem supposed to be temporary and personal, when the concerned party have common
goal to complete the works, patience can work out to solve the problem.</span><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #38761d;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">但有時某些成員,或因老闆或做決定者成見太深,並主觀相信異國大公司會遷就,所以會往敵對與偏執的方向走。諷刺的是這時前面所說:規模較大,或承攬工作較多公司的權威與影響力較大的這個觀念,他們的見解卻是「同歸於盡,是誰損失比較大」。再加上視國際廠商「非我族類」,可恣意欺侮,道德上他們不以為有任何欠缺的錯誤想法,讓人束手無策。台灣這</span><span lang="EN-US">20 </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年工程承攬史上,不只是發生在與外國廠商的</span><span lang="EN-US">JV</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,小公司與大公司的結合也出現這種情形。</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #38761d;"><span>If the bosses or the
decision makers believe that the big international company will give way to
what they want, they will be more eccentric and paranoid so as to </span><span>cause big problem for
JV. Ironically, when we deem that the JV member’s capital and Share of Interest
is bigger, his influence and power may be more convincing, is now </span><span>totally wrong under
the notion “If the contract suffers the big share participant will suffer
most”. There will also be dark side of “nationalism” embraced by those
paranoids telling them bullying on the foreigners is complete amoral. The short
construction history witnessed the bad stories not only locals harassed
foreign, and also the small companies torment the bigger ones.</span><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: red;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">工程承攬有專業與商業兩種成分,但對某些公司而言,追求利潤是一切。在</span><span lang="EN-US">Consortium </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的情形,他們從報價開始就有強烈保護自己的想法,認為我的承攬比率低,能否得標和我減價沒有關係。得標後要別人片面讓步,不肯承受任何風險等偏執,常造成</span><span lang="EN-US">JV </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的困擾。在</span><span lang="EN-US">Integrated JV</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,這類型的公司要求</span><span lang="EN-US">Leader </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">分配利潤,但當</span><span lang="EN-US">JV </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">遇到任何風險,如果</span><span lang="EN-US">Leader </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">或</span><span lang="EN-US">PM </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">有可指謫,他們就忘記</span><span lang="EN-US">JV </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的設立目的,是在承擔風險、任何成員都不應為他們派任人員犯錯,背負成本上的責任。問題是他們的抗爭可以無限上綱,自傷傷人,如拒絕簽字請款,或拒絕業主要求每一個成員都要簽署的作業表單。遇到這種情形,考驗</span><span lang="EN-US">Leader </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的智慧。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: red;"><span lang="EN-US">The contracting
business has elements in both professionalism and commercial consideration, but
for some company, pursuance of profit shall be above everything. </span><span>In the case of
Consortium, the egoistic boss will leave the responsibility for tender price
deduction to the companies with bigger Shares of Participation; and during
execution, they will ignore the situation that each member has to accommodate
for the ambiguity found in interface and shoulder any risk brought by changes.
In the case of Integrated Joint Venture, the eccentric will request the Leader
to bring profit for the JV or they will pinpoint the Leader and PM for any bad
judgement or fault made in carrying out the works. They don’t go back to the
point that the purpose of </span><span>JV is members to
share the risk; and the companies assigned the persons to JV positions shall
not be responsible for any mistake and losses those people will make. They will
select the right moment to deter the JV proceeding for refuse to sign on any
format requiring them to endorse. The leader is tested when the member become
erratic.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: #c00000; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「</span></b><b><span style="color: #c00000; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></b><b><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: #c00000; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">共同或聯合承攬」,從準備到完工的階段性工作</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #c00000; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #c00000; font-size: 14pt;">Stages
of Joint Venture, from Inception to Works Completion</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span face="新細明體, serif">「共同或聯合承攬」的第一階段,是「備忘錄」階段。當某一公司對某工程研究後,覺得從技術轉移、增強實績、改善競爭力、財務、施工資源、法律與規定等觀點,認為這個工程可以參加,他可以進一步研究未來的組織架構,</span><span lang="EN-US">JV </span><span face="新細明體, serif">夥伴要找誰,投標成本等問題。這時候他可以與可能共同投標的夥伴簽訂「備</span><span face="新細明體, serif">忘錄」,但只僅於表達興趣,並沒有說一定要參加。</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The first stage of
Joint Venture, can be called “Stage of Memorandum”. When a company feel it will
be able to tender a project through forming Joint venture with other friendly
company for benefits like technology transfer, enhance work experience, improve
competency, better financing, make good usage of resource and from legal point
of view, etc. He can study for the JV formation, future partners and tendering
cost, and accordingly invite the partners for Memorandum of Understanding,
however, at stage it’s not binding for tendering.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: #800180; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「共同與聯合承攬」的第二階段,是「標前協議」階段。這時組織架構,包括成員與分工要做決定,規劃、估價與標單製作的任務分派、相關法律的研究,未來運作的行政流程,以及正式合作協定的草擬。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #800180;"><span lang="EN-US">The second stage of
Joint Venture, can be called <span face="新細明體, serif">"</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Stage of Pre-bid Agreement”. </span><span>The decision has to
be made for JV formation, members </span><span>to be invited and the
work division. The assignment </span><span>to finish the tender
such as project planning, estimation and </span><span>documentation will be
allocated to the team with precise</span><span>schedule. The study
will also include contract and law, internal </span><span>procedure, draft of a
formal Joint venture agreement.</span><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #38761d;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「共同或聯合承攬」</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的第三階段,是「</span><span lang="EN-US">JV </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">正式運作」階段。當得標後,就要有正式合作協定,依其規定成立管理委員會,開始調度、徵募人員、管理資產、資本與財務、採購、發包,把工作完成。</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #38761d;">The third stage of Joint Venture, can be called “Stage of JV proceeding”. After the award there should be formal JV Agreement established. The Supervisory Committee set up accordingly, start to assign persons to senior positions and recruit staffs, manage the asset, capital and financing, procurement and subcontracting, complete the works.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: red;">「共同或聯合承攬」的最後階段,是「JV 結束」階段。一般來說,當工作完成,盈虧大致決定後,這時要做的工作很容易被忽視:成本清算、財產處理(資金、材料、機具、智慧財產)、人事(歸建與資遣),及JV 的正式解散。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: red;">The final stage of Joint Venture, can be called “Stage of JV Wind up”. After work completed, profit or loss determined, the remaining works for wind up can be overlooked: there should be liquidation, asset handling (working capital, material, equipment, intangible property), personnel issues (return to the original companies and lay off), and formal closure of JV.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">結論</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">Conclusions</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">熟悉工程公司總體經營管理的人可以了解「共同或聯合承攬」是很單純、普遍的商業行為。要談妥它的組織、運作以及成員互動的原則,又要在很短的時間內完,這就需要將來的夥伴與自己公司要互通信息,坦誠以告。所以出去談JV 的人要有些視域、高度與智慧。談JV 的人,在中、小型公司就是老闆或有決定權的人,這是正常的。「共同或聯合承攬」協定,沒有標準形式或條款,所有的一切都是談出來的;當然,與其他人合作,或自己單獨承攬工程的經驗,都應該做為參考。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">People familiar with the governance of construction company or engineering firm understand JV operation is simple and common in the commercial world; and the confusion, if any, may come from that the people sent for negotiation with potential collaborators don't present the company well within short time frame and collect information reciprocally from the counterpart. Therefore, people sent to conclude agreement with potential members must be the guy with vision, position, and intelligence; not bad in Taiwan that the bosses or people have the same power will participate the discussion. No standard clauses or form of agreement can be followed as each work and cooperation shall be unique.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #800180;">JV 的組織、權力制衡與行政流程,幾十年來,並沒有什麼更易,因為人性未變。然在管理方面,因各種軟、硬體以及通訊技術的精進,JV 運作的效率提高,成員要取得工程執行各種數據,並給以回饋,更為方便。國家與公司或有界限,但不應再是問題。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #800180;">For many years, it doesn’t change for the part of JV formation, balance of power, and internal process, because the ultimate requirement is to exercise control for the company participated in the organization; the human nature behind it is not different. However, there’re various soft and hard ware for administration and the skill and speed form communication are much improved. That a Board member now can obtain more in-depth information and ask many questions based on the data extracted; the border and the company line shall not be the problem.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #38761d;">若干高科技公共工程,政府藉要求國際與台灣廠商合作,以推動進度、降低成本,並植根台灣的政策美意,不能糟蹋。而如前面文章所說,共同承攬是最有效、便捷的方式。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #38761d;">The government has firm policy to solicit the successful technology transfer from international companies to Taiwanese firms in public works with high technical content to push the construction, lower the cost and groom the industry. JV between the foreign and the local will be the most effective and convenient mean to realize the policy for all its importance.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: red;">國際廠商在尋找合作對象方面有時間的壓力,工程業界必須主動,提供客觀資料,並防制短視近利的廠商,以變相的低額佣金來扭曲招標機制希望達成的目標。當然我們相信廠商本身的自律最為重要,但科技進步,資料與數據的保存不是問題,經過還原,一個JV 的運作是否符合訂約本意,其實無所遁形。所以只要政府的關心,能延長至契約工作完成階段,並保留審議判斷的權力,能達成技術轉移的JV 一定可以組織成功,不論施工或設計。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: red;">We understand the international company will have time pressure to seek the partners within tender period, and there is possibility that a short-sighted company will offer the lowest possible price for commission to elicit the foreigner for their freedom of actions. Under the circumstance, the company determined to reach to the modern technology shall be active to illustrate his ability to work in all rigorous conditions. We trust it’s critical that the companies in the industry must be disciplined so as not to spoil the government policy, however, checks is important and the modern JV organization will be able to provide so much in-depth information and data as described above. The Owner shall be in good position to judge whether or not the technology transfer as mandated in Joint Tendering Agreement is followed as the truth can be revealed to show the real situation. So, it means if in the tender the owners reserve their right to supervise the implementation of contract or agreement until the work is finished, the JV operation can be organized to receive the technology transfer; for construction or engineering.</span></p></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></p><div><br /></div>mtkaoforum3131.blogspot.tw/http://www.blogger.com/profile/01353164324501698355noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2576271459816084234.post-62788479953272474692021-06-20T02:45:00.002+08:002021-06-20T11:35:31.080+08:00<p> </p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> Part 7-4: Working Overseas, Advanced Civil Engineering, (NTUST, 5908701)<br />台科大高等土木施工學教材(2021) </span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #800180;"><b>MT KAO (Blog: http://mtkaoforum31.blogspot.tw/)</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #800180;"><b>(mtkaoforum31@gmail.com) </b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h3 style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #274e13;"><b>9) Unmanageable Risks:</b></span></span> </h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b>(1) Politic risks (regime change, war,
commotion, nationalization, sanctions, embargo) </b></span></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span>When people go to foreign countries for
construction or engineering works, they've to assume that the host country will be
<span style="color: #2b00fe;">socially, economic and political stable.</span> Because when it tumbles, no company
or individual will be able to bear the consequence.</span></b><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;">In general, government in the developed
economies will provide <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">insurance to cover part of the loss suffered financially
by the companies</span></b> working for projects in the troubled area. But the
compensation can only cover part of <span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>monetary loss; freedom and lives</b></span> of the
people is losing forever if it involves violence or antagonism.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">State function will be disturbed</span></b> </span><span>if </span><span>w</span><span>ar, riot or public disorder happen, they will cause the progress of the project</span><span> hindered</span><span>. R</span><span><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">egime change</span></b> though not violent may've brought in abrupt change of policies hurting market and economies. For contractors, efforts to call for the <span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>resources to complete the projects can be interrupted,
contract payment suspended, permits and licenses withdrawn, currency devalued,</b></span> the risk is not predictable, and too big to manage.</span><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;">The idea of national insurance is not only that
the government has to provide coverage for the contractors going to less
developed economies, also they will evaluate the general situation of the
places where the contractors will go in terms of<span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b> politic, social and economic essentiality</b></span>. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;">The appraisal will reflect in the <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">quotation of insurance premiu</span></b>m; or in the other
sense, <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">reject to insure for any works in that country</span></b>.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;">So, if the contractors feel he’s not secure after <span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>getting national insurance and obtain adequate compensation, he will not
venture in that country</b></span>. It’s a good system for contractors pursuing overseas
construction works, and can be <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">extended to the equipment and systems</span></b></span><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b> exportation business</b></span><b style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> requiring less local content</span></b><span style="font-size: large;">.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>We saw a lot of
political risk came true in the real world since late last century: </span><span>petrochemical plants worth 10s of billion dollar in Basra owned by Mitsui of
Japan destroyed as </span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span>war broke out between Iraq</span><a name="_Hlk74580779"> </a><span>and Iran 1980</span></b></span><span>; <span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>invasion of Iraq to Kuwait</b></span> in 1990 resulted in all the
contractors including Taiwan’s BES Corporation evacuated; <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">downfall
of Suharto government 1998 </span></b>leading to social unrest, realignment of industries, and broke of banks ; etc.</span></span><span style="font-size: large; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-size: large; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-size: large; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-size: large; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-size: large; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">(2) Exchange and currency risks</span></b></span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;">It’s almost a legend that big corporation
dealing with foreign currencies will have its d<b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">aily balance convert into USD or
home country currency </span></b>without shortest time exposure to fluctuation. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;">The saying also supports the fact that
exchange and</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><b style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">currency risk is really difficult to manage</span></b><span style="font-size: large;">. </span><span style="font-size: medium;">Because the risk stays</span><span style="font-size: large;"> n</span><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">ot
only for currencies in a weak economy but also exists between currencies of first
world countries.</span></b><span> </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;">For</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">example, 2 years after Plaza Accord 1985, Japanese Yen appreciate
by more than 50%, meaning Japanese contractor will receive 50% less for
whatever the payment of the contract.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><b style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Pure loss.</span></b><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;">A general contractor will mitigate the risk
in several ways: 1. <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Request the payment made in currencies to be used during the execution. </span></b>2. If the contract stipulation can’t allow to pay the
currencies in the type and amount of what he’ll have requested, <span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>buy the balance
in the futures.</b></span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>For international tenders, the evaluation
may be as long as 6 months, during when, <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">the currency may vary against each
other for many percent;</span></b> it’s really a dilemma for contractor: he’s stupid if he
buys the fortune to cover the period and lost the tender; he may face loss if
he doesn’t buy the fortune and get award of contract.</span><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">(3) Economic risks (inflation, interference
in manufacture and transportation system)</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;">When people are doing business in their own
country, they will make decisions depending on their own <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">witness</span></b> and past <span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>experience</b></span>: i<b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">n what
extent regulation to abide can be predictable, their compatriot’s ability and work
ethic, and finally the efficiency and reliability of </span></b></span><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>the governmant</span><span>.</span></span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;">The contractors need to deliver the
completed work in time, so they can’t put up with anything that will bring in
the delay or default: <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">interruption in manufacture or transportation, willful
contravention of a major sub tier contract, and sudden collapse in market mechanism
for work items, </span></b>but all of them may happen in a strange country.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;">Though due diligent investigation can and has to be done before the
contractor actually steps into strange country, but the <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">data can be deceiving and time is limited</span></b>. So, the contractor needs to read the
situation through <span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>features of history, culture and society</b></span> in addition to <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">figures obtained from engineering renaissance.</span></b> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;">It’s not to say what happened or not happened yesterday will
occur or not tomorrow; but people have to be humble to learn <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">there can be uncertainties that the individuals may not be able to manage </span></b>even he's under umbrella of big company.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;">A simple solution for foreign contractors
will be that they won’t go to places where economic risk were recorded severe historically; but in practice <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">people like to go to particular country where they think the room to administer the contingency is great</span></b> , for example,
foreign contractors always like to go to Indonesia and it seems they find ways
to co-exist with risks like inflation and currency fluctuation. </span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">(4) Natural disasters (flood, <a name="_Hlk74768011">typhoon, earthquakes,</a> avalanches)</span></b></span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;">Professional engineers always think they
will make clear the <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">occurrence, scale and devastating power of natural
disasters with formal and scientific approaches.</span></b> They certainly will get
sufficient data and knowledge to address the problems and minimize the risk in
their home country, but if they go for overseas, they will possibly become<b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">
innocent student facing natural disasters entirely new to them.</span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;">For example, <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">typhoon and earthquakes are
new to many of the European engineers in design and construction,</span></b> and they
become entirely the freshman students coming to Taiwan. It’s funny and
embarrassing if they insist that they shall steer to provide the solutions for
the project just for t<b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">he reason their companies are more eminent in contractual
positions. But it's true they're doing so at tremendous expense of the company.</span></b></span><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;">Yes, the said disaster and the risks can be
judged and solved by theoretical calculations; but it always requires <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">ample time
and local experiences to complete the perfect estimation works in an overseas
project. </span></b>Therefore, people have to admit that there shall be elements that they
won’t be able to control at least to the extent that <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">professionalism shall not
be bent to commercial correctness.</span></b></span><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-size: large; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b>(5) Legal risks (change of law,
unpredictable adjudication)</b></span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;">The laws and the regulation in a country is
specific, that people can read it before they go there for execution of the
projects undertaken. <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">But the interpretation and rulings can be different
everywhere. It’s so called “predictability”.</span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;">So, the international contractors have to be
careful to c<b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">heck the applicable law, contract language, jurisprudence, place
and mechanism for reconciliation during tendering.</span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;">However, t<span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>he enforcement can be something
else despite what ruling will be.</b></span> In certain countries, the verdicts can be at
best regarded as reference.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;">When the laws</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><a name="_Hlk74770027" style="font-size: large;">and
regulation</a><span style="font-size: medium;"> applicable for part or all of the contract change, <span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>the
contractor</b></span> as one of the signing parties <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">may not be protected for cost and time
arising out of the changes.</span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>People shall be aware that <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">not all the
changes (of laws and regulation) will have neat numerical indication for claimant</span></b>; and there will also be<b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> cost and schedule implication,</span></b> for
example, revising safety measures for workers will demand longer time to finish
the works but hard to explain in the claim. And it always remains as the
contractor’s legal risks in overseas works.</span><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;">Normally, international contractors will
set up <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">contractual conditions under which they’d rather decline the tender to
protect the company.</span></b> They call it<span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b> “dealbreakers”</b></span>, meaning nobody even it is
company chairman can agree on the terms forcing them to bear the risks.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;">(</span><b style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;">6) Cultural Risks, incoherent mental and
behavioral model between host country people and foreign contractor.</span></b><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;">According to the story of t<b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">he Tower of
Babel, human race spoke a single language. </span></b>At some time, they intended to build
a city and a tower tall enough to reach heaven. God doesn’t like the idea and
confounds their speech so that they can no longer understand each other, and
scatters them around the world.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;">More than <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">difference in language custom and
culture</span></b>, people go to places they call foreign countries to build something
would find the locals not so friendly as to render full collaboration. The
expatriates complain the<b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> inhospitality, dishonesty, and irresponsibility often seen
in local staff while resent for their ignorance, egoistic and discriminative
behaviors.</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The contacts are necessary between foreign
contractor and their local employees, clients, sub tier contractors, vendors
and authorities, and even with people surround daily life.</span></b> There could be
pleasant encounters but also f<span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>rustrated ones, always at cost to the foreigners
as they’re always imagining a coherent and amiable relationship will help them
to deliver assigned works.</b></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b> </b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Reciprocity</span></b> shall be the only way to avoid
the worst part of confrontational foreign and local relationship which, always
leads to extravagant cost to complete the works.</span><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: medium;">It’s not a matter of how much shall be
provided for ties assumed might have been gone soured; more important, if a
company or cohort of professionals want to go to different country for construction
and engineering works, <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">they’ve to respect what have been existed there and
prepare to treat their counterparts equal</span></b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span> </p>
<h3 style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #274e13;">10) Manageable Risks (with care and
monetary provision):</span> </h3>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #990000;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(1)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></b><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #990000;">Construction schedule and
completion date.</span></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;">The contractor have to assume that the Client and his representative will <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">behave according to
conditions and terms stipulated in the contract, or decline to tender;</span></b> stringent it maybe, when the contractor fulfill his obligation
and meet the exact formality required by contracts, they will pay.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;">Completion date as ultimate project
objective shall be observed by the signing parties and detailed schedule will
be developed for the purpose of progress monitor and control. <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Time and duration
specified for each activity and mile stone in the schedule manifest the
contractor’s explicit commitment to the concerned parties</span></b> that a reputable
contractor will always try hard to keep with.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;">But there will be <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">disagreement by the
parties over reasons and substantiation of time and cost required for extension,</span></b>
all these will be complicated and take time and tedious effort to settle.
Usually the client and his representative will insist the claim be rejected for
technical or procedural reasons while the contractors will maintain the cause
of delay attributable to the client and money spent for mitigation shall be
returned in full.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;">There could be moments of impulse that the
contractor felt the client or his representative might not pay him for the money
to catch up the progress for delays not attributable to him. Maybe just<b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> out of fear
that the client won’t honor the contract or impatient to wait until dispute
settled,</span></b> many of the contractors, especially the Asian ones, might resort to <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">suspend the works expecting
the client yielding</span></b> to pay him for the outstanding amount.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;">However, <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">the brinkmanship approach replicated
from the contractor’s often-used experience in their own country</span></b> will be disastrous
for overseas works as the bluff interpreted under different culture will
probable <span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>turn every friend the contractor’s adversary.</b></span> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;">The risk for contractors to bear the enormous
cost for<b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> catch up (as demanded by the client) or acceleration (as claimed by
the contractor), </span></b>can be real, but the orthodox way to manage it still is to<b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">
trust the contract mechanism for time extension and dispute resolution.</span></b> Of
course, contingency provision shall be allocated if the contractors select to
tender.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>Because the disputes and problems always
happen with regard to construction schedule and works completion date, so the
modern day clients or lending agencies like banks will demand<b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> “Completion Guarantee”
from the contractor especially for BT or BOT projects;</span></b> the document is <span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>more
important than the performance guarantees</b></span> usually submitted by the contractors
for late performance.</span><span> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;">It further confirms <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">only the works is
completed the investment will have been protected.</span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;">(2) In time delivery of construction
material and equipment in quality and quantity, as well as certain service.</span></b><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;">The contractors have to make sure material
and equipment required for the project will be delivered according to project
schedule or he shall decline the tender.<b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> Foreign country is a different market,
so he has to check the manufactureror vendors’ supply record, and pay serious
attention to conceive an extreme situation under which he is still in effective
control. </span></b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>Local partner will be crucial, <span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>first to
furnish information</b></span> regarding material and service forayed locally, and then<b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> expedite</span></b>.
There will be delays, of which, the types and reasons will confuse people other
than natives in addition to simple price hikes. The provision to mitigate must
be spared in the tender though risks with regards to simple local procurement seems
like to be manageable.</span><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;">There will also be material, equipment and
service imported from third country, many of the items will be produced and
delivered from <a name="_Hlk75026714">developed economies</a>. <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">It’s not for
granted that production and delivery from western countries will have no
problem.</span></b></span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;">On the contrary, <span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>the supply chain prevailing
in developed economies is complicated,</b></span> and many episodes may influence the delivery:
<span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>strike, sabotage, minimum order requirements, multiple manufacturers, soft or
hardware breakdown, weather conditions,</b></span> etc. Also, the vendor or sub tier
contractor may insist <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">“reasonable” terms in their contract thus delivery schedule
more vulnerable.</span></b></span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">(3) Contractual risks</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>As mentioned above, the contractor has to
assume the Client and his representative will <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">execute the contract based on rationality
and faith</span></b>, or he doesn’t agree to work for the project. He may have chance to
do <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">due diligence for the country to go, the project to undertake and the client
to work for </span></b>shortly before reaching concrete contract with the Client.</span><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;">However, a construction contract involves
<b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">many work items and its successful performance depends on benign interactivity with
society and authority in addition to the Client.</span></b> A good contract will provide <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">guidance
and information for what to do and what to abide by for the parties</span></b>; but it
will be minimal. And it means most part related to actual execution will only
be known sometime after contract signing.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;">An experienced contractor will be able to
judge how risky the contract terms mean to him in the tender stage through <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">reading
carefully the contract draft and find ways safely to averse the risks during
execution. </span></b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;">But in foreign land and dominated by unfamiliar
legal practice, even the most adaptable contractors have to allocate monetary provision<b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">
for any contractual information provided, clarification made to him, or clues for
events he’d have collected</span></b> won’t be favorable to him. </span><span style="font-size: large; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-size: large; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-size: large; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">(4) Safety and security of expatriates
(persons, property, accidents).</span></b></span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;">In general, countries open gates for
foreign contractors working in their territory for whatever the work, the
governments will <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">welcome and protect the expatriates and their spouse.</span></b></span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;">But the actual situation is more
complicated than official announcement and bookish regulations. <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Whether or not
the expatriates will feel safe and secure will depend on if there is a friendly
private sector, and enduring social conditions in the countries to support the foreigner’s
free activities in both work and living. </span></b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>Politic can be also the subject when
assignment for positions in foreign country is sensitive, sometimes the
<b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">nationality of expatriate can be problem</span></b> to invite more trouble, though people
are talking about unrestricted person flow under big name of globalization.</span><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>Religion plays big part for
whether or not<b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> a heresy be allowed to come to the same land</span></b>; there may be radicals
causing trouble for expatriates despite officially there won't be any discrimination.
The disturbance can be ranged from <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">making </span></b></span><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a name="_Hlk75035311">menace </a><span>on life
or drawing lines for places the foreigner can’t cross or restrain their what
they can do.</span></span></b><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Public order</span></b> can also be a problem in a country
that everybody’s money and life are threatened, and<b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> for foreigners, they can be more
prominent</span></b> for burglar, robbery or even murder.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;">There can be places and moments that the
expatriates shall be attended by <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">body guards, translators and drivers</span></b> for wherever
they go and whatever they do. It’s still possible that the contractors for commercial
reasons will go to places where <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">religion fervor, revolution zeal or social commotion
are underway.</span></b> The cost has to be added as minimal management provision.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">(5) Free flow of capital.</span></b></span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;">There’re <span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>many countries </b></span>in the world will <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">control sharply the flow of money</span></b>; they <span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>need hard currency and are meticulous to spend it</b></span>. It
happens they’re also the countries who need foreigners to do projects big in size,
sophisticated in nature for them.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;">Normally, the Client of such kind of project
will <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">describe in the tender exchange rate for foreign currency, contract amount
to be paid in foreign currency,</span></b> and most important, <span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>definition of working
capital, their conversion and remission.</b></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b> </b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;">By prudent calculation, the risks can be
minimized, and can even be
<b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">deminished if hard currency </span></b></span><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">required </span></b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">will be closed to 100 %,</span></b> but doing so, tender
price will be evaluated high and the contractor will never win the tender.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: medium;">If the contract is <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">BOT or PFI, the revenue
for the projects may come from toll paid in local currency over many years</span></b> and
thus complicated the matter. For foreign contractors, the <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">return and investment</span></b>
of the projects need <span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>to be made in hard currency</b></span>, particular proposal shall be
submitted to address the situation knowing that the capital flow may not be free in
certain economies.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>mtkaoforum3131.blogspot.tw/http://www.blogger.com/profile/01353164324501698355noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2576271459816084234.post-13393431487830666052021-06-07T00:18:00.000+08:002021-06-07T00:18:03.306+08:00<h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;"> Part 7-3: Working Overseas, Advanced Civil Engineering, (NTUST, 5908701)<br />台科大高等土木施工學教材(2021) </span></h2><p><span style="color: #351c75;"><b>MT KAO (Blog: http://mtkaoforum31.blogspot.tw/)</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #351c75;"><b>(mtkaoforum31@gmail.com) </b></span></p><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">7) License, Registration, Special Permit for Foreign Contractor</span></h3><p><span style="font-size: medium;">In many countries, <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">the locals and the foreigners are not offered equal right in conduct business, owning property, or exercising civil rights.</span></b> People from countries considered liberal enough sometimes are astonished at the restraint imposed on the foreigners at the places they go for works. But it’s normal <span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>there’re reasons out of custom, religion and history to justify the differentiation </b></span>with foreign people or companies, who need to learn everything beforehand for what they can and what they can’t do according to the laws.</span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b>(1)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>For ownership on land, housing and factory:</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">Many countries <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">don’t permit or only allow conditional and partial ownership for holding land, house or factory for foreigners.</span></b> The reasons to deny or restrain is that the government and the people are still in fresh memory that the <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">huge capital imported will overwhelm the locals</span></b> and thus a new form of exploitation; And in certain area it will be labeled like come-back of the colonialism. Politically it will not be accepted. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">In certain nations, not only the foreigners won’t be granted for any property titles, also not all the citizens are treated equal. For example, that in Malaysia and Indonesia, natives identified as <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">“Bumiputra”</span></b> will have full right for property titles while those <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">their ancestors emigrated over hundred years won’t have the same rights. </span></b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">For example, according to the law governing <span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>land holding in Indonesia, the Agrarian Law,</b></span> title to land may be divided in two categories:<span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b> Primary and Secondary</b></span>. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">The category “Primary” further divided in 4: <span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>“freehold</b></span>, does not have a validity period”; <b>“<span style="color: #2b00fe;">the right for construction</span>,</b> valid for 30 years plus 20 years of the extended period with additional 30 years renewal period”; <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">“the right for farming</span></b>, is granted for the period of 25 or 35 years and may be extended for another 25 years”; “<span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>the right of use,</b></span> granted for the period up to 25 years and may be extended for another 20 years”. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">And the category<b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> “Leasehold”</span></b>, grant tenant right to construct and/or use buildings on the land owned by the primary ownership right holder during some fixed period of time. So, <span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>the foreign private persons and foreign legal entities, will use this to obtain the land for use of business purpose.</b></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">Normally, a foreign construction company signing the construction related contract with his Indonesian client needs to go through many local partners and sub-tier assistant for performance. For example, if he wants to set up inventories, fabrication shops, secure quarry and borrow sites, or build camp and office for staff, he <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">need land and permit to run the minimum processing plants. </span></b>And it has to be <span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>obtained by his local collaborators;</b></span> with whom he must be establish trust and confidence; effort and expense that can be easily overlooked at tender stage.</span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b>(2)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>For business operation to sign the contract</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">The types of legal entities, for example, in Indonesia also divide into f<b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">oreign-owned limited liability company PMA, local company (PT), representative office (RO).</span></b> When a foreign entity wants to conduct the construction related business in the country, he needs to check the law whether it would grant PMA or RO to perform the works.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">Technically, a foreigner is not permitted to have ownership of a local company (PT) in Indonesia, which should be only owned by Indonesian nationals. And the point is <span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>most of the public works will be tendered among PT.</b></span> There may be <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">remaining few for PMA and RO, but also require the joint operation between the foreign and local entitie</span></b>s to safeguard the national’s interest. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">Because for PMA, the capital shall be sizable enough that the international contractors have to keep enormous money in a place where the chance for tendering may be rare. So, in practice, the foreign companies will have to select to open branch offices in Indonesia to qualify themselves for tenders open to foreigners, it’s so called<b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> RO operation</span></b>. Compared to PMA, of which the liability is limited to the capital registered and paid up in local, RO operation means t<b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">he mother company will sign and theoretically the debtors and claimers will be able to sue up to the home country</span></b>. In the cases that the foreign companies need to joint operation with the locals, it seems risky for Representative Office to sign, and become guaranters of the local.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">But unlike public procurement, <span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>the law doesn’t specify that the private companies are not allowed to sign with PMA or RO for construction or engineering works. </b></span>For now, that BOT or BT are more popular than before and the ability to accomplish the critical works in an infrastructure project by renown foreign companies are widely recognized by stakeholders. The foreign companies may have more opportunity to assert themselves in the future.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">Similar to Indonesia, many developing countries have the same ideas to protect native firms and guarantee the of the locals for employment. </span><b style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The requirement will be translated into the law and regulation that the foreign companies shall respect and understand. </span></b><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p><p><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: medium;"><b>(3)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>To import the machine, permanent equipment and material</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">Countries are <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">different in their pace, requirement and conditions to develop the economics.</span></b> Sometimes, they pay whole attention to groom certain industries <span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>open the opportunity for foreign investment, and the other times they may design a negative list </b></span>for outsiders as they deem the native production are worth for protection. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Import permit and tariff rates are often used to fend off foreign competition. </span></b>Additional review or cumbersome procedure may be imposed to procrastinate the import process if bureaucrat and business find <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">custom duty alone may not be sufficient to guarantee the sales of the local products.</span></b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">The local products will not be limited to material or manufactures; the equipment and facilities to be incorporated into the permanent works will also be the subject. The <span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>construction equipment and plants despite its temporary usage nature are also hindered in the process of construction mechanization</b></span> because the labor employment need to be ensured .</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">However, the host country needs the loans for projects development more than their intention to nurture the relevant industries; they may go for the agreement with the <span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>giver international organizations or foreign governments in specified projects earmarking permits to import definite products, equipment and facilities as conditions of lending.</b></span> Always the importation of construction machines will be included in such loaning agreement with the guarantees<b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> the construction equipment and plants will be re-exported after works finished. </span></b></span></p><p><b style="color: #274e13; font-size: large;">(4)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>To hire local engineers of required qualification and numbers</b></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">The host countries always want to minimize the impact to the national employment when they allow the foreign companies to undertake construction works. In general, labor employment is of less concern, because through <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">immigration departments the number and quality of imported labor can be controlled</span></b> and also the income and fees required to import the foreign labor will be more expensive than the locals.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">But for both administrative and engineers, the issue to man the project is more complicated than calculating the <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">cost difference in blending the foreigners with how many locals in what level</span></b> of the hierarchy.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">Usually, the contractors like to <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">assign engineers and staff having long time work experience with them</span></b> for projects undertaken. Because it’s clear they need to get familiar with the locals to be hired in the project for their unknown performance in <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">technicality and personality</span></b>; which will be converted into monetary terms not mentioning the possibility that the newly recruited will cause any incorrigible trouble. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">In particular countries like Singapore, the personal income is high or comparable to the expatriates, therefore the <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">possibility existed that the general contractor may select third country personnel (TCN) to fill positions</span></b> and thus not good to the employment of the educated. So, in most of the public work contracts the authority will ask the winning contractor to hire certain number of professionals, of which the definition is the citizens graduated from relative department with years of work experience. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">The sort of enforcement has tilted supply and demand between the employees and the employers, and in the worst case causing <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">the difficulty to recruit local engineers in addition to pushing up the manning cost drastically in a country not so big</span></b>. So, construction and engineering companies shall read the tender document and investigate the market closely. </span></p><p><b style="color: #990000; font-size: large;">8) Acknowledge of difference and handicaps:</b></p><p><b style="color: #38761d; font-size: large;">(1)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Handicap in language.</b></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">People always think language problem shall be the most difficult part for working overseas, to certain extent, it’s true. But <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">what make it big problem is the personality of the persons in charge of the works. </span></b>Because the contract with the Client or subcontractor or vendors though may be written in local language, but t<b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">ranslation can be made</span></b> in English. And translators will be available in many cases and if the expatriates want to know the true meaning of everything from his counterpart that shall not be any problem.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">English shall be basic for persons assigned for overseas works.</span></b> We always see people complain about its complexity as foreign language; but it could be an excuse t<b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">hat people involved don’t have good work habit to read not because it’s a strange language.</span></b> In other words, the same people <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">may not read files and document in his own language very well</span></b>, and their access to foreign contracts and works won’t be possible. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">If a person is anxious to know the project and how the assigned task proceed, he will try all means to <span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>interpret the situation for necessary action</b></span>s; and the language shall not be a problem. If a person dedicates to his overseas work <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">long enough, he may be able to conversant with different language,</span></b> either English or local language; that’s why we say the language problem can be overcome.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">However, <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">company management shall establish criteria to encourage their staff to learn new languages, </span></b>not necessarily only English, and we understand some companies in Taiwan have responded to people draw high score or obtain license in foreign language tests such as TOE, Thai, and Japanese. </span></p><p><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: medium;"><b>(2)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Difference in cultural perception</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">Overseas construction or engineering works <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">require big degree of interaction with local people, the contracts, deals or simply daily life are much influenced by custom, religion or politi</span></b>c. The foreign companies have to be aware that they’re actually surrounded by host of people in different culture.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">Maybe there were the days that the local economic development lagged much behind the contractor’s country, that the foreigners always have<span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b> feeling of supremacy and individuals will be proud of themselves and imbue disregard on the locals unknowingly</b></span>. But thanks to the<b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> globalization and enhanced education,</span></b> the locals in many countries get much <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">confidence on tradition, religion and history.</span></b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">And it means <span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>the people will be provoked for minor offence,</b></span> among them, t<span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>he most sensitive topic is religion.</b></span> There’re many things that is sacrosanct and can’t be remedied in association with the belief. P<b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">eople working for any project, in any country shall be told to respect </span></b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>the believers for their religious activities</b></span> even work efficiency at the expense. </span></p><p><b style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Understanding</span></b><span style="font-size: large;"> is the only approach for </span><b style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">foreign people to appreciate different culture</span></b><span style="font-size: large;">. It may be one way, but it is only one way especially foreign contractors can’t afford to work like aliens. </span></p><p><b style="color: #38761d; font-size: large;">(3)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Difference in applicable code and standard</b></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Every country has its own code and standard for engineering and construction,</span></b> </span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">When the market size isn’t big enough so the country may not be able to establish their own rules, they follow the big country, usually consider the<b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> language, economic connection, geographical vicinity, or in the dramatic sense follow former colonial practice.</span></b> </span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">Code and standard applied will determine how<b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> calculation and checks will be going on; and also, what the test and experiment shall be done.</span></b> People have to get familiar with them because<b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> engineering work shall be carried out within months</span></b> nowadays.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">When construction or engineering companies go abroad, they have to determine before contract start<b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> whether or not they can deliver in time and in quality of the works; and it will affect the cost tremendously for difference in applicable code and standard.</span></b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">For example, <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Taiwan establish its own code and standard, CNS,</span></b> over long time mainly follow American<span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b> ASTM, ASSHTO</b></span> alike. Sometimes people understand<span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b> JIS, DIN or BS</b></span>, but when it comes for competition they will have handicap and sometimes large companies with many engineers may be able to send hordes of people to meet specified contractual requirement, but not always it could overcome the difference.</span></p><p><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: medium;"><b>(4)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Difference in executing safety and environmental protection rules</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">Safety, hygiene, health and environmental protection are vital for construction and engineering works since the stage project <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">planning, work completion, commissioning and operation.</span></b> But the rules, either its stipulation or implementation differ from place to place.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">It’s not only a matter for cost or competition, sometimes the regulations are too stringent, and it’s a tendency in developing economies that the <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">officers or legislators copy the “best” clauses from the developed countries, and aren’t implementable, if we call it idealism</span></b>. Usually, the foreign companies won’t stand good chance to find a solution satisfactory to the parties concerned, and it means he has to decide to pursue the project or not before the tender.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">It seems like that the difference in executing safety and environmental protection requirement is not so significant, but its <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">implication in execution is enormous and only the locals will tell as a faithful partner</span></b>. </span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p><p><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: medium;"><b>(5)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Difference in Tax codes interpretation and application</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">The cost of taxation as it appears in terms of <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">corporation and personal income, stamp, excise, property and withholdings tax</span></b> may not be different to everybody undertaking the contracts, but knowledgeable people know how to save tax starting from the lowest tier of vendor/subcontractors, not to mentioning evading tax.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Tax codes interpretation and application need to take good accountants</span></b>; however, <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">the foreigners will never expect advantage for all their understanding and maneuver,</span></b> Again, they’ve to rely upon their local partner, agent or employees; and absolutely a handicap compare to local competitors.</span></p><p><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: medium;"><b>(6)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Difference in labor management</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">It’s difficult for a foreign company to hire labor directly for whatever the project need. Normally, he would try to <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">sub-let all the works to local subcontractors with a view that he won’t be further bothered by how to pay the labor at guaranteed efficiency.</span></b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">Actually, <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">the good local partner that a foreign company can expect is working as if he were a “comprador”.</span></b> On the surface he has to take responsibility to take care the labors and at the same time to promise that their work will be done within budget.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">The sub-contractors need to pay <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">overtime, absorb idling hours and days, and naturalizing the unions if any of them exist and active,</span></b> all of these can’t be tackled by the outsider. So, under the circumstance, they have to take the works f<b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">or rates more than enough, and get compensated if something goes wrong including their own false estimation.</span></b></span><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">And theoretically, the foreign company come to a country can choose and sub-let the works to whoever he thinks appropriate, but the <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">management and efficiency problems are always there that he can never transfer them to local partner or subcontractors unless they’re knowledgeable and sizable enough to manage the labor problem.</span></b></span></p><div><br /></div>mtkaoforum3131.blogspot.tw/http://www.blogger.com/profile/01353164324501698355noreply@blogger.com0